Work in Team Environment - 8314 Words

WORK IN TEAM ENVIRONMENT SHIP’S CATERING SERVICES NCII (SHIP’S COOK) LEARNER’S GUIDE Unit of Competency : WORK IN TEAM ENVIRONMENT Module Title : WORKING IN TEAM ENVIRONMENT Module Description : This module covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to identify role and responsibility as a member of a team. Nominal Duration : 4 hours SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of the module the student trainees must be able to: LO1. Describe team role and scope LO2. Identify own role and responsibility within team LO3. Work as a team member LO1. DESCRIBE TEAM ROLE AND SCOPE ASSESSMENT CRITERIA: 1. The role and objective of the team is identified from available resources of†¦show more content†¦it is important to have all team members involved in the work and hence all the more important for all of you communicate. The underlying principle of team working is to take advantage of each other’s strengths in achieving the end result. If you cannot listen to a team member or cannot talk to another member, then you are not following the principles of effective team working. 1.0 DESCRIBE TEAM ROLE AND SCOPE What is a TEAM? Teams are groups of people that share a common purpose, to which they are all committed, and who are empowered to set goals, solve problems and make decisions. Without these common traits they are not a team - they are a group of people who happen to work together in the same environment - a work group. BENEFITS OF TEAMWORK Effective teamwork has a number of benefits - to the organisation, to the team and, not least, to the individuals within the team. The way that people work in teams is just as important as their individual performance. This includes their capacity not only to work within their own team but also to have good inter-team relationships. Working in such an environment helps build high staff morale and improved work performance. In many organisations today we see a move towards flatter, leaner structures. Stripping out layers of management means that individuals have to be more willing to take on additional responsibility and accountability - achievedShow MoreRelatedWork Environment And Performance As A Team1164 Words   |  5 PagesWorking as a team will improve the quality of care and provide great service to individuals. The purpose of having a team is to have a framework that will increase the ability for employees to participate in problem-solving, planning and decision-making. John C. Maxwell is the author of the book Teamwork Makes the Dream Work. He is known as one of America s experts on leadership. He is also the founder of John Maxwell Team Online University. He stated that â€Å"Teamwork makes the dream work, but a visionRead MoreThe Virtual Environment Work Team1525 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1: The Virtual Environment Work Team Introduction A national accounting firm offers tax preparation services to individuals. T.A. Stearns was a popular national accounting firm because of its superior reputation for high quality of its advice and the excellence of its service. Superior computer databases and analysis tools that were highly technical in tax laws they covered and in code they were written was the key to T.A. Stearns reputation. They were perfected by high levelsRead MoreCase 1 The Virtual Environment Work Team1406 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Case 1 The Virtual Environment Work Team (Summary) T.A Stearns was a national fax accounting firm whose main business was its popular tax preparation service for individuals. The work as carried out in a virtual environment by four programmers in the greater Boston area. Tom Andrews is a tax lawyer, a graduate of the University of Maine and a former hockey player there. At 35, Tom has worked on the programs for six years and is the longest-standing member of the team. Along with his design responsibilitiesRead MoreTraditional vs Team Environments850 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Traditional vs. Team Work Environments Traditional vs. Team Work Environments and the Potential for Self-Managed Teams Traditional vs Team Environments This paper will explain the differences between traditional environments and team work environments. 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In today’s society, there can be several different factors that are associated for a group of people to become a high performance team. For a team to achieve great performance, and deliver real benefits to the organization, they have to be able to distinguish their strengths and weaknessesRead MoreHow Can Create A Positive Team Environment?1352 Words   |  6 PagesCreate A Positive Team Environment By Charles Kiyimba | Submitted On July 26, 2012 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Charles Kiyimba Ability to create a positive team environment is an importantRead MoreLeadership For An Advanced Practice Nurse997 Words   |  4 Pagesis a very important role for an advanced practice nurse. There are many leadership styles a person can utilize when working in a collaborative team environment. It is the responsibility of an advance practice nurse to take on a leadership role and finding which leadership style to adapt can determine the success of creating a successful work environment. The purpose of this paper is to analyze different styles of leadership, assess our emotional intelligence finding our strength and weakness andRead More Work Environment Paper1015 Words   |  5 Pages Work Environment Paper Good communication skills are imperative for organizations to carry out in an attempt to maintain outstanding performance from employees and management. Every workplace is unique in terms of their diversity profile therefore, is it vital for organization to create and execute creative communication methodologies that will enable organizations to develop a community rather than just your average run of the mill work environment. 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Mark Twain Biography Free Essays

Samuel Clemens, more commonly known as Mark Twain, was born on November 30th, 1835. He lived with a large family of five older siblings. During his young life, he and his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, where he spent much of his childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Mark Twain Biography or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the age of twelve, Samuel’s father died, and he left school to start working and help his family. He held various jobs until he reached the age of 21. At this age, he started working on a steamboat. During the Civil War, demand for the boats dropped and he had to find other means of work. Eventually, he got a job as a reporter at the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise where he quickly became known as Mark Twain. Before he led a life of fame, he had an eventful childhood where he held several interesting jobs, â€Å"The secret to getting ahead is getting started.†- Mark Twain As a writer, his wealth quickly grew after writing a book on Ulysses S. Grant. He would add many of his opinions about matters of the day into his books, such as his opinion on slavery. He was a great influence on many people from all over the world. The fame and riches he received for his books wouldn’t last his entire life though, he would lose almost everything, including his wealth and family. He stopped writing for a time to explore other careers in which he could benefit. People loved the stories that Mark Twain told. In February of 1870, Samuel Clemens married his wife Livy. Family meant a lot to him but he also had a love for money. Soon after their marriage, Livy became pregnant with their first son Langdon, however, before he was very old, he died. Throughout Twain’s life, most of his family members died of various disease and illnesses. In fact, when his wife became sick, the doctors only allowed him to see her for two minutes a day because his personality would upset her illness. After several people he knew died, he grew depressed and became mad at God. He cared deeply for his family and was very nostalgic. After he stopped writing, he attempted to become a businessman to increase his fortune. However, he was not a good businessman. When he made several poor decisions, his money quickly started to vanish. He loved money but was not wise with it. He made multiple bad investments at the same time, and his investments never took off. He started a publishing company to help make money, but it didn’t work, he was still losing money. That and the combination of him spending over $30,000 monthly, and he eventually went bankrupt. After bankruptcy, he decided he would still pay the people he owed money to. Like Twain said, â€Å"Continuous improvement is better than delayed perfection† He went around the world speaking at various events, earning money until, a few years later, he had paid back all of his debts, which had started at over $200,000. Although he managed his finances poorly, his strong moral compass helped him pay back what he owed, even when he was not required to. Mark Twain has been known very well mainly for his books, but also, his numerous quotes. His first novel was titled, The Innocents Abroad. It quickly became a popular book. Other popular books by Mark Twain included Tom Sawyer, Life on the Mississippi and Huck Finn. Samuel Clemens accomplished much over the course of his life. He went from having a lot, to losing everything, to working hard to get his wealth back. Most of his family died while he was still living. The only one of his children to live longer than he was his Daughter, Claria Clemans. Samuel Clemens was born when Halley’s Comet was at earth and he said he wished to leave with it, â€Å"I came in with Halley’s Comet in 1835. It’s coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it.† -Mark Twain. He did. The day after Halley’s Comet had made its closest approach to earth, Mark Twain died of a heart attack. During his life, he was extremely successful, and never gave up in the face of difficulty, not even after his family died and his wealth was lost. How to cite Mark Twain Biography, Papers

The Public Administration Systems free essay sample

Action part as given by Rosenbloom in this definition represents the projects, programs and policies which are carried out by government to achieve growth and developmental goals for a country or a state. Government as made mention of in the definition is the representatives of the state at a particular point in time. In other words it’s a transient entity which at any point in time represents a state. Means also talks of the mechanisms, medium, the platforms on/through which government’s action parts, such as programs, policies, projects are articulated to ensure that government purposes and goals are realized. Structures as in scalar chain — number of levels in the hierarchy from the ultimate authority to the lowest level in an organization – is not exempted from the means through which these goals are realized. Ghana as a state has its own Public Administration systems, emphatically focusing on its structures. We will write a custom essay sample on The Public Administration Systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The constitution of the fourth republic of Ghana (1992) defines the overall structure of the public Administrative systems in Ghana with the following: A president elected for a maximum tenure of two terms of four years per term. The president will also have to appoint a vice president who shall act in his absence; he will also appoint a council of ministers and a cabinet who shall advise the president on specific national and international issues, as well as a council of state to act as another advisory body. Ghana is divided into ten administrative regions; each region has a council, of which the president appoints members to serve that council. This premier structure is referred to as the Executive body with the president as the head. The next structure after the executive is the national parliament or Legislature. The main focus of this structure is law making. Ghana’s law making body is a unicameral parliament (single house). The parliament’s two hundred and thirty members are directly elected for a four year term with no term limits. The head of this structure is the Speaker of Parliament, assisted by the deputy speaker of parliament. An independent Judiciary is the next structure in Ghana’s public administration system’s structure after the legislature. In the first instance, Ghana’s legal codes are based on Britain’s. The judicial body consists of the superior of judicature comprising in an order of authority the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court and Regional Tribunals. Followed at the lower tier are the Circuit Courts, Community Tribunals and Courts of the House of Chiefs. All judges are appointed by the president and approved by parliament. A judicial council monitors the performance of the judicial systems, along side the Ghana Bar Association which represents the interest of Ghanaian Lawyers. Heading this structure is the chief justice of Ghana. The next structure after the judiciary is a Local Government System. Ghana is divided into ten administrative regions. Each region is led by a Regional Executive, who is appointed by the president, with an elected number of Assemblies spread across all the geographic regions. This structure is led by regional coordinating councils, which in most of the time represents the interest of the central government, which is the same as the executive. The media, in times now is been referred to as the invisible hand of government. For that matter the media commission of Ghana happens to be the next structure after the Local government. A media commission that upholds freedom of the press, and ensures the maintenance of standards in objective reporting. The head of this structure is the National media Commissioner. Next after the media commission is the National Commission for Human Rights and Administrative Justice, which is headed by a commissioner appointed by the president. The main duties of this commission is to protect citizens form maladministration and/or injustices. A national Electoral commission also comes under the structure, headed by the Electoral commissioner, they are responsible to oversee free and fair elections by secrete ballot. The last but not the least I will consider, is an impartial and professional public and civil services of Ghana. The public services comprise agencies such as the police service, the education services, the health services, etc†¦ this structure is headed by the Public Services Commissioner. This basically forms the core structures of the public administrative systems in the Republic of Ghana.

U.S Supreme Court Antonin Scalia as a textualist

Introduction The concept of separation of powers aims at ensuring that branches of government with different tasks and mandates perform their duties independently without interference according to their areas of specialization. The main reason for such specialization is to limit the power that each branch of government has in a bid to prevent the creation of moral hazard.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on U.S Supreme Court: Antonin Scalia as a textualist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, such separation prevents one branch of government from interfering with another’s operations and performance of duties. However, it is essential to ensure that the branches of government operate within their mandate without overstepping their power. Since the three bodies constitute the highest offices in government, they should keep each other in check. Separation of power has often resulted in controversy as t he legislature and the judiciary’s powers sometimes overlap due to constitutional and statutory interpretations. The paper discusses some of the ways in which the theory of textualism makes interpretation easier, simplifies challenges, and how the theory compares to the theories of originalism and common law use of the principle of precedence in terms of objectivity and ease of application. The paper explores the three theories according to sentiments by the U.S Supreme Court judge Antonin Scalia in his work, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Textualism: Antonin Scalia Antonin Scalia is a Judge of the Supreme Court – a position that he has held for the past twenty years. Scalia’s extensive experience in the judicial system has made his opinion on statutory and constitutional interpretation noteworthy, especially when conducting analyses on other theoretical approaches to the same. In his book, A Matter of Interpretation, Scalia clearly expr esses his support and preference for the textualist approach of interpretation. According to Scalia (1998), the most suitable interpretation of the constitution and other statutes is one where â€Å"the text is the law†¦and it is the text that must be observed† (p. 11), as it is simple, complies with constitutionality, and prevents the inclusion of personal prejudices during the interpretation process. In essence, textualism proposes a method of interpretation of statutes according to the meaning of the actual text and language in a statute. Scalia (1998) states that the ordinary meaning of a text governs the interpretation and that judges should not go outside the text to seek a meaning through the application of factors such as the intention of the law. In his opinion, textuality provides a sense of simplicity when interpreting legislation that most other methods lack (p.14).Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, such simplicity eases the interpretation process and shortens the amount of time that a court spends contemplating on a decision, without compromising any of the statutory or constitutional provisions (Scalia, 1998, p.15). Another advantage that Scalia mentions in his text is the view that the adoption of textualism in interpretation creates uniformity in interpretation that other methods lack. Scalia (1998) explains this point by positing that the uniform application of statutes and constitutional provisions creates a possibility for uniformity in interpretation resulting in easy application of the law if judges choose to use textualism as opposed to any other method of interpretation (p.20). In Scalia’s view, the use of factors such as intention and legislative history results in subjective decisions and opens doors for personal prejudices, which becomes problematic because judges might use such criteria to create their version of what they think the law, should be instead of what it is. He expressly states, â€Å"My view that the objective indications of the words, rather than the intent of the legislature, is what constitutes the law leads me, of course, to the conclusion that the legislative history should not be used as an authoritative indication of a statute’s meaning† (Scalia, 1998, p. 29). Although Scalia’s arguments make a lot of sense, some scholars, especially in the law profession, argue that the theory has limitations like any other theories, and thus it does not qualify as the easiest theory to use in terms of flexibility and adaptability to changes in societal values. Some of the prominent theories that provide a comparison in application to textualism include the original intention theory and use of precedence. Original intent (originalism) The original intent theory of statutory and constitutional interpretation suggests that in order for judges to obtai n the correct interpretation, they must consider the intention of the legislature at the time of the statute’s inception and then apply such findings to cases at present. Proponents of this theory justify its formulation by stating that it aims at ensuring that judges understand the meaning of the text in statutes clearly before application (O’Brien, 2012, p.102). In this case, the intention of lawmakers suffices over the literal meaning of the text. Proponents of originalism argue that the vague nature of the constitution and statutes makes a literal reading of text problematic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on U.S Supreme Court: Antonin Scalia as a textualist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, consideration of the intent of the legislature using the test of a reasonable man eliminates such limitation and results in ease of application. The proponents also state that the meaning of the law d oes not change even as society changes, thus safeguarding the core societal values it aims to protect. These arguments make sense in the light of globalization and the adoption of selective cultures, both of which create the potential risk of loss of identity in any society (Scalia, 1998, p.186). Although the application of the theory sounds simple, certain difficulties exist in terms of uniformity of interpretation. Different people interpret common situations differently. For instance, some people choose to focus on the positive side of any situation, while others bear an inclination to notice the negative. In the same way, some scholars, including Scalia, point out that it is nearly impossible for all judges to interpret the text in statutes the same way. The element of ambiguity is often the source of such lack of synchronicity. Secondly, reference to the original intent prevents the application of the statute in later cases whose facts comply with the application of the literal text meaning, but fails in terms of application according to the intent. One of the issues that have so far proven this point is the issue of homosexuality. Most legislative bodies in federal governments during the 1980s outlawed homosexuality in express terms. In current years, activism in support of gay rights has ignited the need to revisit the statutes. However, consideration of the original intent has so far been one of the reasons why incorporation of such rights into law has been nearly impossible. According to Scalia (1998, p.190), the basis for original intent is erroneous, thus creating possible grounds for nullification of the theory with regard to the interpretation process. Scalia (1998, p.182) cautions that with more than five hundred members of the legislature, it is nearly impossible to ascertain the collective intention of all the members when establishing original intent in any statute. Additionally, the application of original intent requires one to revisit legis lator history, which creates a lack of appropriate respect for the wording of the text (Scalia, 1998, p.179). Comparison of the theory to textualism indicates the latter to be simpler in application. However, it is important to note that both theories possess elements that overlap with such ease of application, thus making them appear relative albeit only with regard to ease of application. Common law use of Precedence The principle of precedence essentially suggests that in order to establish the applicability of statutes and the constitution to cases, a judge or lawyer has to consider previous judicial decisions on matters exhibiting similarities in terms of facts. Ordinarily, the principle aims at creating a sense of uniformity and consistency in decision making that eases the task of judges and lawyers when evaluating cases.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the uniqueness of some facts in specific cases makes adherence with such uniformity problematic. Usually, in instances where the points in a particular case reveal elements absent in past cases providing precedence, a judge has to make a fresh decision for purposes of utilization as precedence in future cases (O’Brien, 2012, p. 309). The concept adheres by several rules, one of which is that the facts in the current case have to exhibit striking similarities with the applicable case law. Secondly, the hierarchy of courts dictates the effect that the precedent has on the current case. Usually, the high court, court of appeal, and the Supreme Court create decisions that are binding in nature while those of lower courts often have a suggestive appeal as opposed to an authoritative one (Scalia, 1998, p.190). Thirdly, case law, which is the primary source of law concerning this principle, serves to fill gaps regarding certain matters for which statutes provide no satisfac tory means of resolution. Ideally, the application of precedent cases in decision-making eliminates the need to deal with issues of ambiguity and vagueness (O’Brien, 2012, p. 421). The use of past cases with similar facts makes it easy for lawmakers to establish a decision. An analysis of these facts reveals this method of interpretation to be comfortable and more practical than originalism. However, this theory is not without its challenges. One of the most controversial issues surrounding the theory’s application is its tendency to overlap with the legislative mandate regarding the formulation and enactment of laws in statutes. Scalia (1998, p.178) argues that the principle creates a threshold through which the judiciary crosses into the territory of the legislature, thus breaching the concept of separation of powers. He notes that the legislature reserves all rights to formulate laws while the judiciary’s task is to enact these laws. However, by creating case law and using it as a basis for decision-making, the judiciary turns itself into a law-making body, which is contrary to its purpose (Scalia, 1998, p.189). In his book, Scalia (1998, p.192) argues that this mistake comes from educational institutions that teach students how to derive law from past cases. By doing so, law professors create a breed of lawyers and judges that considers case laws more as compared to what it does to actual law in statutes and the constitution. He explains that even though the principle still gives regard to statutory law, the importance that it accords such law is not as high as it should be. In his opinion, the application of case law as the basis for decisions creates a scenario where historical legislation overshadows current legislation and diminishes the importance of the legislature (Scalia, 1998, p.194). Therefore, the principle in Scalia’s view is flawed and it fades in comparison to his textualism principle. Conclusion Theoretically, usi ng the principle of textualism as a method of constitutional and statutory interpretation is easier than applying theories such as precedence and originalism as the application of the law does not require any interpretation other than the literal meaning of the text. However, the practical aspect of such application reveals that the principle is riddled with limitations like any other theory. References O’Brien, D. (2012). Judges on Judging: Views from the Bench (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press. Scalia, A. (1998). A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. This essay on U.S Supreme Court: Antonin Scalia as a textualist was written and submitted by user Judah V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ambivalen Conquests and Equianos Travels essays

Ambivalen Conquests and Equiano's Travels essays Ibo-ny and Ivory: The Inharmonious British/Ibo Relations Traditions are the guideposts driven deep in our subconscious minds. The most powerful ones are those we can't even describe and aren't even aware of... Ellen Goodmans survey of traditions persuasiveness could not be truer of the Ibo culture and the African slave trade with regards to British influence. Clearly, the Ibo people instinctively held closely to their customs in reaction to English presence; plausibly, their intent in so doing was to hold as closely as possible to their status quo. Remarkably enough, their true effect was the facilitation, not prevention, both of the British slave trade in the mid-eighteenth century and of British colonization in the late nineteenth century. As the Ibo provided this ingress for the white man to gain power on African land, the Ibo people had some choices to be made that would definitively shape their chi, or destiny. To be sure, the story of Olaudah Equiano as well as Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart provides evidence contrary to th e common conception of the superior British strong-arming the inferior Africans to the point of submission. Specifically, both accounts show intelligent African societies making reasoned yet vacillating decisions regarding the cooperation with slave traders or conformation to British colonists culture. This rift in African resolve was enough to allow both the eighteenth-century slave traders and the nineteenth century colonists to divide Ibo with intent to conquer; in doing so taking the most important thing to a human, freedom. British slave traders capitalized upon the rivalries amongst the numerous and highly competitive political entities of eighteenth-century Africa with the purpose of capturing slaves. Values, preferences, and national identity were set on very narrow scopes throughout Ibo society. Equiano aptly describes this, stating &quo...

Cómo sacar el pasaporte americano por primera vez

Cà ³mo sacar el pasaporte americano por primera vez Los ciudadanos sin pasaporte americano deberà ­an solicitarlo ya que este  documento no sà ³lo garantiza su regreso a los Estados Unidos en los casos de viajes internacionales sino que, adems, es un documento que sirve para  acreditar  la ciudadanà ­a y la identidad. Por esas razones es muy conveniente sacarlo tan pronto como se pueda. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre quà © documentos presentar, dà ³nde solicitarlo, el caso especial de los menores, quà © hacer en caso de extraviar el pasaporte y quà © otros documentos pueden utilizarse en algunos controles migratorios. Dà ³nde hay que presentarse cuando se solicita por primera vez el pasaporte americano Cuando se solicita el pasaporte americano por primera vez dentro de los Estados Unidos, es necesario hacerlo en persona en una Agencia de Pasaportes o en una Oficina Autorizada  y presentando los documentos que se especifican en el siguiente apartado. Si se solicita en el extranjero es necesario hacer una cita con la embajada americana o con el consulado que corresponda segà ºn el lugar de residencia del solicitante. Por ejemplo, el caso de un nià ±o que nace en otro paà ­s pero que adquiere la ciudadanà ­a americana por derecho de sangre. En estos casos, cada oficina consular sigue sus propias reglas sobre cà ³mo hacer la cita, pero los documentos a presentar son en todas partes los mismos y son los que se detallan a continuacià ³n. Documentos para sacar el pasaporte americano por primera vez Deber completarse correctamente  el formulario DS-11Probar que se es ciudadano de EEUU (certificado de nacimiento,  naturalizacià ³n o cualquier otro documento que sirve para acreditar la ciudadanà ­a)Probar con documentos legales admisibles el nombre de la persona (licencia de matrimonio, licencia de manejar...)Entregar una foto de pasaporte de menos de seis meses de antigà ¼edad a color Reglas para sacar el pasaporte de USA que aplican a menores de edad Solicitar pasaportes americanos para nià ±os tiene reglas especiales sobre presencia del menor y de los padres. Deber aportarse el Nà ºmero de Seguridad Social de al menos uno de los padres.  Y si sà ³lo un padre tiene la custodia del menor, deber acreditarse tal hecho mediante un documento, por ejemplo, certificado de viudedad, decreto de divorcio, etc. Tipos de tarifa para solicitar pasaporte americano Su costo final va a depender de la edad del solicitante y de si se pide una tramitacià ³n urgente o no y de si se pide conjuntamente con una tarjeta de pasaporte.  Aquà ­ se especifican todas las opciones de costo del pasaporte. Tiempo de tramitacià ³n Generalmente se tarda entre 4 y seis semanas en renovar el pasaporte pero puede pagarse una tarifa de $60 dà ³lares para acelerar el proceso a apenas una semana. Adems, si existiera una emergencia, se puede tramitar de urgencia. Pà ©rdida o extravà ­o de pasaporte americano Si le roban su pasaporte americano o si lo pierde debe notificarlo inmediatamente de la siguiente manera: A Embajada o el consulado correspondiente, si el titular del pasaporte americano se encuentra en el extranjeroPor el contrario, si est en Estados Unidos, por telà ©fono marcando al 1-877-487-2778, de lunes a viernes de 8am a 10 pm hora de la costa Atlntica (E.T.).Tambià ©n es posible completando el formulario DS-64y envindolo a la direccià ³n que en à ©l aparece.Por à ºltimo, si se desea obtener un nuevo pasaporte, entonces deber acudir en persona con el formulario DS-64 y DS-11 a una Oficina Autorizada o a una Agencia de Pasaportes. No notificar la pà ©rdida del pasaporte puede ser un gran quebradero de cabeza ya que puede dar lugar a situaciones de robo de identidad. Verificacià ³n del estado de tramitacià ³n del pasaporte Puede chequear el estado de la tramitacià ³n de su pasaporte en la pgina oficial del Departamento de Estado. En todos los asuntos oficiales, como por ejemplo, este de solicitar el pasaporte, es fundamental asegurarse de que se utilizan pginas oficiales del gobierno, las cuales tienen la extensià ³n .gov Tips para la renovacià ³n del pasaporte Cuando expire el pasaporte, puede renovarse por correo siempre y cuando se cumplan ciertos requisitos, como que el pasaporte expirado està © en buen estado. Tambià ©n es importante la edad del solicitante y si se trata o no de la primera renovacià ³n de pasaporte que se realiza de adulto. Por otro lado  y a diferencia de lo que ocurre con los residentes permanentes los ciudadanos pueden residir en el extranjero por el tiempo que asà ­ lo deseen. No hay là ­mites legales. Si el pasaporte expira estando fuera de los Estados Unidos, la renovacià ³n se puede hacer a travà ©s de consulados y embajadas. Documentos para acelerar paso por control migratorio para regresar a USA El pasaporte se puede utilizar en todo tipo de pasos migratorios para ingresar a los Estados Unidos. Adems, en casos muy particulares como tipo de frontera y edad del ciudadano, se pueden utilizar otros documentos  que conviene conocer. Adems  los ciudadanos americanos pueden participar en programas que permiten un ingreso ms rpido cuando se regresa a Estados Unidos, las reglas son diferentes segà ºn el tipo de frontera y lugar de llegada. Nexus: entre Canad y Estados UnidosGlobal Entry o APC cuando se llega por aeropuertoSENTRI para el cruce por frontera terrestre o marà ­tima de Mà ©xico a Estados Unidos.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Organization Behaviour and Leadership Development Scenarios Essay

Organization Behaviour and Leadership Development Scenarios - Essay Example Scenario two setting involved unifying two competing junior employees i.e. Rosa and oli by finding common and unifying ideas, hence unifying them is of great importance in meeting the company objectives. The objective of this scenario was to get oli and Rosa to agree on maintaining customer retention in the call center at 65 % and also getting everyone to agree on using automated phone system. The steps I took to resolve this scenario were, actively listening to oli and Rosa, encouraging oli and Rosa to communicate to help reach an effective agreement, through asserting my leadership power toward ending the squabbles between them. Using work strategies tactics of constantly reminding them the goal of the organization in addition to using tension strategies where I introduced relaxing ideas that aimed to eliminate tension created by oli and Rosa The key learning point that emerged from this scenario was that tension in at workplace can lead to little work being accomplished, it is of great paramount to stay neutral where employee friction is involved in order to help them out, through focusing on goals of organization and constant reminder help people to work harmoniously, effective communication within organization facilitate dialogue that helps to resolve dialogue between employees and creating a kind of numeration system that helps employers to cooperate and work together.Supporting theory and academic insight for this scenario can be derived from democratic leadership.... ning to oli and Rosa, encouraging oli and Rosa to communicate to help reach an effective agreement, through asserting my leadership power toward ending the squabbles between them. Using work strategies tactics of constantly reminding them the goal of the organization in addition of using tension strategies where I introduced relaxing ideas that aimed to eliminate tension created by oli and Rosa The key learning point that emerged from this scenario was that tension in at work place can lead to little work being accomplished, it is of great paramount to stay neutral where employee friction is involved in order to help them out, through focusing on goals of organization and constant reminder help people to work harmoniously, effective communication within organization facilitate dialogue that help to resolve dialogue between employees and creating a kind of numeration system that help employee to cooperate and work together to achieve set goals in addition to engagement in team buildin g exercises. Supporting theory and academic insight for this scenario can be derive from democratic leadership , which is characterized by emphasizes in group participation , where decision and discussion are encouraged by leaders hence giving team member a voice in decision making (Goleman, 2000). Democratic leadership style builds flexibility and responsibility in an organization which in turn help in generating new ideas. . (Goleman, 2000).Through listening to team members in an organization which is encouraged by democratic leadership, leaders learn to resolve dispute between employees and in decision making. (Goleman, 2000). Third Scenario The third scenario set up was learning to manage up, where it is critical important for a leader to mange his juniors but at the same time have

Cultural Shock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural Shock - Research Paper Example Social norms and communication characteristics are the basic element of the expectancy violation theory. Expectancy Violation Theory sees communication as the medium through which people exchange information with one another. Communication can also be used to violate the expectations of another person as either negative or positive depending upon the link between the two people. However, experts also explain this theory as in communicating with others; people generally have an expectation of the way the other person will react verbally or non-verbally. The Expectancy Violation Theory assesses the way in which we react to someone’s non-verbal behavior (Kunda and Thagard, 1996). Cultural shock is when people or a person enters into a new culture when they migrate to a new place or experience new people around them. The difficulty they have in adjusting in that culture and amongst the people is known as cultural shock. Expectancy Violation Theory closely related to cultural shock as the people who are new to the society will face difficulties in keeping expectations from the people as to what their reaction will be. As the behaviors are new, there will be vague predictions about the expectations of the people on the communications made whether verbal or non-verbal (Burgoon, 1993). When having a communication with someone’s, the reaction of the person can either be positive or negative, which means that either the person will smile or will show a rude reaction (Marques, 1990). The theory examines that the people carry expectations when they interact with others and these expectations are from the culture or the individuals in that culture. They make predictions about the non-verbal communications, and there are times when their expectations violate (Jussim et al, 1987). Personal space refers to a space that has to be maintained while interacting

Republican demise Essay Example for Free

Republican demise Essay Saddam is fairly sure about his future at the end of this one-sided trial in Baghdad. He would most likely meet an end rightly deserved by a cruel perpetrator against humanity. None of us is immune to fear, pain and loss. But to suffer the fate of an uncertain future could be worse than any of these feelings. From this point of view, George Bush, assured of Republican demise, Tony Blair, assured of his exit and Saddam Hussein, are all on the same boat; certain of their fate. The biggest sufferers of the war in Iraq, are no doubt the Iraqis, suffering the most gruesome bloodshed that mankind has witnessed in recent times. To classify the next category of sufferers are the people who follow Islam. Iraq war has resulted in stereotyping the collaborators and extremists and has led Muslims in the Middle East to feel that it’s a war against their community. Due to the cascading effect that travels in communities and religions, the Muslims in most of the other countries also share this view. Unfortunately, the inability to locate the so-called â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† has also cast a serious doubt on the intentions of USA and UK in the minds of millions residing in their own countries. Now, many of us can relate to the uncertainty sneaking in the minds of people who had to commute on the morning of 8th July 2005 or 12th September 2001. Our government has done its best to gift unscathed tentativeness to British citizens. To foresee a natural calamity is definitely not expected from our leaders. But to invent a manmade catastrophe is also not what we deserve. In order to be socially responsible and contribute in preserving human rights, Britain has to contribute in the current World order. We cannot ignore the atrocities inflicted on mankind especially when we have the capacity to affect the situation. However, to bully a bully is also not a sensible stance. Let us analyze the pretext of going into this war as claimed in a dossier presented in the British parliament on 24th September 2002. The central points of Blair’s defense for offense were Iraqi regime’s program to develop nuclear, biological, chemical weapons of mass destruction. Aiding, funding and supporting groups like Al Qaida by this regime. He argued that Saddam has brutalized his own people using chemical warfare, so far the only blame that could be substantiated after dethroning the dictator. After explaining the threat posed to the region by the Iraqi regime, he lamented I am quite clear that Saddam will go to extreme lengths, indeed has already done so, to hide these weapons and avoid giving them up. Where are those weapons of mass destruction now? Another losing battle is on the economic front. It is clear that the total cost of operations in Iraq is quickly exceeding previous estimates, and is now well over the ? 3 billion originally set aside by the Chancellor to fund the conflict. Rough estimates suggest that as much as an extra ? 1 billion will be required for each further year UK forces remain in Iraq. Perhaps as important as the rising costs themselves is the lack of transparency about where the money is going, and how much more will be needed in the future. The Iraq Analysis Group calls on the future government to clarify the costs of war in terms of size and expenditure type, and how they are being met. In the meantime, we will update this briefing as further information becomes available. It seems that the British government had detailed plans of â€Å"how to go in? † but never planned or foresaw on â€Å"how and when to come out? † Reluctantly enough, people of Great Britain stood by their elected leaders and the choices they made at the time of going into this war. The imminent dangers painted on our minds with repetitive citations on terror, terrorist attacks, axis of evil, tyrannical regime etc, were potent enough for us to believe that we are going to fight for peace. (Oliver King and Paul Hamilos, 2006). The UN was shoved aside, French, German and Russian representatives were simply ignored. Ironically, these nations are geographically and diplomatically a lot close to United Kingdom than Iraq. Somehow, British decision to act as the drum beater for this war, has also led the world to believe that commitment of our conscience is mortgaged to the USA. With his efforts, Blair successfully blurred the identity of our nation. Most of the media in the Middle East now cite UK and USA in the same breath, especially in context of the Iraq war. USA had suffered an indelible blow on 9/11. And we suffered a seemingly low scale trailer on 7/7, primarily due our policies on Iraq. A common view point held by world leaders is that the use of force can never be justified unless all other means of negotiation fail. UN inspectors on Iraq’s weapon program had certainly failed in their job as they were neither supported nor shown any cooperation by the Iraqi regime. The report from the chief UN inspector fortified the rhetoric from George Bush who went to label Saddam’s tactics as a charade. (George Bush, 2003). In such circumstances and in those times when most of the nations were made to believe that what’s going on in Iraq is dangerous for humanity, use of armed action certainly seemed feasible. A dictator, who could kill his own people, can very well drop a bomb on neighboring countries. The dangers and ease of spreading Anthrax as a biological weapon could not be taken as anything less than a grave concern. Just one push of a button could have caused irreparable and unrecoverable destruction. Faced with such a situation, UK’s stance on supporting USA is acceptable. To wait for Saddam to light a fuse for such havoc would have reduced most of the world leaders to a laughing stock, only if few of them would survive to be mocked at. Pre-emptive strike, as popularized by the US media, earns a lot of credibility in this context. Britain, or as a matter of fact any other nation, would react with utter might in order to prevent this. And if the countries surrounding Iraq are themselves grasping for survival and development, the onus does fall on developed nations to resolve the stalemate. Negotiations since 1995 were not bearing any fruits other than letting Saddam to build a black economy of earning billions despite the sanctions imposed on Iraq. Worse, none of this money was used to feed the destitute or mitigating infant mortality. The dictator had built water-tight ways of siphoning money into his personal accounts. The discovery of vast amounts of money being utilized without any tab raised suspicions in the minds of the majority. This surely was a reason valid enough to strike. And there is evidence that Saddam utilized all these years to fool the international community. It will also be not entirely fair to say that Blair did not weigh the situation at all We waited 12 years and then went through the United Nations. It is now three months since we gave Saddam what we called a final opportunity. (BBC News, 2003)

Effective dramatic irony Essay -- essays research papers fc

Effective Dramatic Irony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Oedipus The King, Sophocles creates rising action by asking dramatic questions throughout the play. These questions generate suspense in the audience when they become dramatic irony and amplify the climax. During the falling action, Oedipus is engulfed in misery when he experiences a reversal of fortune. Finally, Oedipus goes through a discovery process ending when he discovers his tragic resolution. According to Aristotle, a tragedy consist of a drama that contains incidents that arouse pity, and a tragic hero that ordinarily is a man of noble stature not because of his own virtue but rather his own intelligence and reasoning. Sophocles uses dramatic irony as an element of fiction in Oedipus The King that builds rising action, foreshadows, and shows a reversal of fortune. According to Literature, dramatic irony is a kind of suspenseful expectation, when the author and the audience understand the implications and meanings of situations on stage, and foreshadow the oncoming disaster, while the character does not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle describes dramatic irony used in the plot of Oedipus The King as a â€Å"reversal†. When the first messenger arrived with the news that contrary to the prophecy that Oedipus would kill his father and begat children with his mother, his father had died of old age. However, the audience is privileged with the knowledge of the dramatic irony soon to unwind. In the Exodos, a mi...

Crescent Pure Essay

Crescent was a non-alcoholic functional beverage with an impending launch in three U.S. markets. PDB acquired Crescent in July 2013; the drink’s combination of energy enhancing, hydrating, and all-organic ingredients made it a natural extension for PDB’s existing organic product lines. However, PDB’s management team disagreed about which of two viable positioning strategies would maximize Crescent’s revenues. Some felt the drink’s energizing ingredients supported an energy-drink positioning, while others felt that due to the drink’s hydrating elements, a sports-drink positioning made more sense. PDB planned to embark on a â€Å"soft launch† of Crescent in three western states (California, Oregon, and Washington) in January 2014. PDB projected that these three states represented 15% of national functional beverage demand. PDB was under pressure to define the product by October 1 in order to negotiate with beverage distributors and retailers, and to hire advertisers to develop ad campaigns in time for the January 2014 launch. PDB planned to spend $750,000 on advertising for Crescent in 2014 and used that figure as a benchmark earnings goal. If 2014 profits met or exceeded the goal, PDB would fund Crescent’s national expansion in 2015. US Beverage Industry: Non Alcoholic In 2013, the non-alcoholic beverage market—which included water, dairy, juice, soda, and functional beverages — was estimated to be $131 billion and was projected to grow to $164 billion by 2018.2 This market had suffered due to restrained consumer spending during the economic recession, but the trend was slowly reversing as the economy recovered. Many new products were launched in the segment by 2012. This wave of introductions was expected to continue into the foreseeable future. Distributing food and beverage products, which involved moving products from a manufacturing site into the hands of consumers, entailed many steps and varied by the size and influence of both retailers and manufacturers. In 2013, the largest U.S. retailers, known as â€Å"big box† retailers, often had their own product distribution systems in place to handle purchasing, transportation, and stocking. Specialization was common among brokers and distributors, and they often forged relationships with retailers and manufacturers within a niche segment. Some distributors focused on organic products. Others developed expertise in ethnic or gourmet offerings. When selling to consumers,  retailers added an average mark-up of 40% to products purchased from distributors. Ingredients and Packaging Packaged in a sleek, tall silver 8-ounce can with a simple crescent logo and lime green and orange accents, Crescent was a clear-coloured liquid. Its taste included a hint of fruit arid was is sweet than most fruit juice, cola, sports drinks, and energy drinks. Each can contained one 80-calorie serving. For flavour, Crescent contained lime juice, lemon juice, and small amounts of raw cane sugar and green tea. Ryan’s Approaches: Energy Drinks: Crescent delivers a boost of energy to combat fatigue and promote mental focus Positioning Crescent as on energy-enhancing beverage would reinforce existing perceptions from Oregon, who an informal consumer survey conducted at an outdoor music festival indicated consumers viewed â€Å"energy† as crescent’s most descriptive characteristic. Prices for energy drinks in the U.S. range from $2 to $5 per can, based on can size (8 oz., 12 oz., or 16 oz.) and retail outlet. The average price for 8 oz. of energy drink is $2.99, above our $2.75 price point. Thirty-four percent of the population said they consumed an energy beverage in the last six months; the projected market for energy drinks in 2013 is $8.5 billion. Most advertising for energy drinks targets the most enthusiastic consumers, men 18 to 24 years old. Visually startling images—think extreme sports participants—paired with loud rock music (when audio is available), reinforce a message th at implies â€Å"Our drinks help you do everything you want to do (even risky things!).† I think Crescent’s organic certification and minimal (as compared to leading competitors) caffeine content provide strong differentiators for the energy market. Our drink is a healthier alternative to leading brands, whose artificial sweeteners and excessive levels of stimulants are likely to prompt a subset of consumers to switch to healthier options. Sports Drinks: In 2012, the market for sports drinks was $6.3 billion; 42% if sports beverage drinkers considered sports drinks â€Å"anytime beverages† and did not associate them only with exercise. They attracted a wider consumer base than did energy drinks, and regular users consumed them more often. Sports drinks come in a variety of sizes and average $1.00 to $2.00 for 12-oz. and 24-oz. containers, respectively. Generally, ingredients  include water, sugar, and salt. Crescent’s hydrating elements, paired with the mental focus and energy boost, can enhance athletic performance. It can also stave off post-workout fatigue if consumed after exercise. (Fright and Razor, the market leaders, are touted as performance enhancing by ‘extreme sports’† professionals.) Perhaps Crescent’s low sugar content and all-natural ingredients can appeal to health-conscious consumers seeking healthier â€Å"anytime† beverages that are free from artificial ingredients and sweeteners. Crescent’s $2.75 price point for an 8-oz can will be significantly higher than are those of similarly sized sports drinks, so our positioning and advertising will hew to build the case for its premium price. Levor’s Key Findings: Taste: it appears Crescent’s taste appeals to most consumers. While some participants were notably more pleased with the taste, there were no unfavorable reactions. Energy content: About half the participants were initially concerned about the energy component. Once their learned the energy content was equal to the caffeine found in a cup of coffee, only 25% remained concerned. Older consumers said that they liked that Crescent was a healthy alternative to high-calorie, sugary energy drinks. Some younger consumers noted that Crescent had less energy than they had hoped. Customer profile: Several consumers said that Crescent was exactly what they wanted in a beverage: healthy ingredients, good taste, and a slight pick-me-up. This interest appeared to reflect a focus on health and wellness, and transcended a specific age or demographic profile. Price: Most participants knew the prices of competitive options and figured that due to Crescent’s organic and energy ingredients , the price would be above $3.00. Most were happily surprised, but some questioned PDB’s ability to deliver quality organic ingredients at $2.75.

Causes Of The Indian Removal Act Architecture Essay

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was unfolded was during a clip of contradictions. While it was a period of spread outing democratic establishments, it besides pointed to obvious restrictions of that democracy. States mostly abolished belongings limitations on vote and as the Western frontier was being expanded, it meant more chances of colony for Whites. However, the Western land of promise spelled catastrophe for the Native peoples who lived with the Whites. No 1 better understood the contradictions of this age of democracy than the Cherokees, who adopted many of the white establishments merely to endure from the dictatorship of the bulk and were forced to the West against their will. In this survey, I will reply the inquiry:What were the causes of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and what were its effects upon the Cherokee state?Before the act, the American authorities sought to educate and incorporate the Native Americans into their civilization, and the Cherokees were an illustration of the successes of assimilation. I will research why there was such a important displacement in American policies toward the Native Americans from assimilation to removal. I will besides discourse the long term effects of the Indian Removal Act that negatively altered the internal organisation of the folks and created cabals within the Cherokee state. I relied on both primary and secondary beginnings to understand both Americans ‘ and the Cherokees ‘ positions on the act. In my research, I discovered the grudges harbored by the Cherokee state when the American policies were changed and implemented. The Indian Removal Act is, without a inquiry, a Cherokee calamity, but it is besides an American calamity. The Cherokees had believed in the promise of democracy by the United States, and their letdown is a bequest that all Americans portion.Introduction:The Cherokees were merely one of the many Native Americans forcibly removed in the first half of the 19th century, but their experiences have a peculiar significance and poignance. The Cherokees, more than any other native people in their clip, tried to follow the Anglo-American civilization. In a unusually short clip, they transformed their society and modified their traditional civilization to conform to United States policies, to carry through the outlooks of white politi cians, and most significantly, to continue their tribal unity. This â€Å" civilisation † policy required a entire reorganisation of the religious and societal universe of the Cherokees. They established schools, developed written Torahs, and abolished kin retaliation. Cherokee adult females became involved in whirling and weaving while the work forces raised farm animal and deep-rooted harvests. Some Cherokee even built columned plantation houses and bought slaves. John C. Calhoun, secretary of war, writes to Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives on January 15, 1820, â€Å" ‘The Cherokees exhibit a more favourable visual aspect that any other folk of Indians. They are already established two booming schools among them. ‘ † ( Ehle 154 ) . By following the white civilization, the Cherokees hope to derive white regard. Socialization was besides a defensive mechanism to forestall farther loss of land and extinction of native civilization. Even more inexorable Cherokees steadfastly believed that â€Å" civili sation † was preferred to their traditional manner of life. The advancement of the Cherokees astounded many Whites who traveled through their county in the early 19th century. Adding to these accomplishments, a Cherokee named Sequoyah invented a syllabic script in 1820 that enabled the Cherokees to read and compose in their ain linguistic communication. They besides increased the figure of written Torahs and established a bicameral legislative assembly. By 1827, the Cherokees had besides established a supreme tribunal and a fundamental law really similar to those of the United States. Their educated work forces even attended the American Board ‘s seminary in Cornwall, Connecticut, and could read Latin and Greek every bit good as understand the white adult male ‘s doctrine, history, divinity, and political relations ( Anderson 7 ) . The Cherokees exceeded the ends proposed for the Indians by assorted United States presidents from George Washington and Andrew Jackson. In the words of a Cherokee bookman, the Cherokees were the â€Å" mirror of the American Republic. † On the Eve of Cherokee remotion to the West, many white Americans considered them to be the most â€Å" civilised † of all indigens peoples ( Anderson 24 ) . What so caused the Cherokees to be removed? Why were they forced to abandon places, schools, and churches? From demographic displacements to the rise in political cabals, the resulting struggles that originating from the Indian Removal Act of 1830 still affect the lasting Cherokee state today.Causes of the Indian Removal Act:It is of import to acknowledge that the determination of the Jackson disposal to take the Cherokee Indians to set down west of the Mississippi River in the 1830 ‘s was more a reformulation of the national policy that had been in consequence since the 1790 ‘s than a alteration in that policy. In the early old ages of the Republic, ictus of Indian land was a manner of â€Å" educating † Native Americans. First articulated by George Washington ‘s Secretary of War, Henry Knox, on July 2, 1791 in the Treaty of Holston, the policy of prehending native lands was â€Å" that the Cherokee Nation may be led to a greater grade of civilisation, and to go herders and agriculturists, alternatively of staying in a province of huntsmans. The United States will from clip to clip furnish gratuitous the said state with utile implements of farming. † On the surface, the original end of the â€Å" civilisation † policy seemed philanthropic. Making civilised work forces out of â€Å" barbarians † would profit the Native Americans and the new state every bit good as guarantee the advancement of the human race ( Bernard Sheehan,Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian, 119 ) . However, the policy represented efforts to wrest the Cherokee lands. Knox and his replacements reasoned that if American indians gave up hunting, their hunting evidences will go â€Å" excess † land that they would volitionally interchange for financess to back up instruction, agribusiness and other â€Å" civilized † chases ( Perdue 25 ) . For this ground, haling the Indians to yield their hunting evidences would really speed up socialization because they would no longer busy the forest when they had Fieldss to till. Thomas Jefferson, who became president in 1801, shared Knox ‘s beliefs. Jefferson ‘s negociating tactics were far more aggressive than anything Knox envisioned as Jefferson ordered his agents to escalate the force per unit area on folks to sell more and larger piece of lands of land. Soon, he let it be known that dainties, bullying, and graft were acceptable tactics to acquire the occupation done ( Anderson 35 ) . Jefferson, with his aggression, simply uncovered that these civilisation policies were non for the benefit of the Native Americans. Rather, the assimilation policy was a cloaked policy of remotion of the Native Americans by the American authorities. It is hence of import to place that the cause of the Indian Removal Act did non arise in the 1830 ‘s, but instead culminated in the early 19th century. However, more immediate grounds did do Congress to go through the Indian Removal Act of 1830 during Jackson ‘s presidential term. The factors lending to the destiny of the Cherokees were the find of gold on Cherokee land, the issue of provinces ‘ rights, and the outgrowth of scientific racism. American speculators coveted the about five million estates the Cherokee Nation refused to sell. White persons desired land for colony intents as belongings was an obvious step of wealth in the South. The Southerners besides desired more agricultural land as the innovation of the cotton gin made cotton a moneymaking concern. In add-on, invasion into Cherokee lands became more pressing with the find of gold on its land in 1829. Besides, the Americans began to encompass a belief in white high quality and the inactive nature of the â€Å" ruddy adult male † in the period after the 1820 ‘s. Many Americans concluded, â€Å" Once an Indian, ever an Indian † ( Anderson 35 ) . Culture, they believed, was innate, non learned. However â€Å" civilized † an Indian may look, he retained a â€Å" barbarian † nature. When the civilisation plan failed to transform the Indians overnight, many Americans supported that the â€Å" barbarians † should non be permitted to stay in thick of a civilised society. Though earlier in his missive to Clay, Calhoun had praised the advancement of the Cherokees, he concludes the missive authorship, â€Å" Although partial progresss may hold been made under the present system to educate the Indians, I am of an sentiment that, until there is a extremist alteration in the system, any attempts which may be made must fall short of complete success. The y must be brought under our authorization and Torahs, or they will numbly blow away in frailty and wretchedness. ‘ † The condescending tone that Calhoun takes to depict the Cherokees reveals the racist attitude of the early 19th century and sheds light onto one of the grounds why Americans urged Congress to take Indians from their fatherlands. In this racialist ambiance of Georgia, another critical cause of remotion was provinces ‘ rights. Although the Cherokees saw their fundamental law as a crowning accomplishment, Whites, particularly Georgians, viewed it as a challenge to provinces ‘ rights because the Cherokee district was within the boundaries of four provinces. The 1827 Cherokee Constitution claimed sovereignty over tribal lands, set uping a province within a province. Georgians claimed that such a legal manoeuvre violated the United States fundamental law and that the federal authorities was making nil to rectify the state of affairs. Sympathetic the Georgians calls was Andrew Jackson, who became president 1829. As a follower of the Republican philosophy of province sovereignty, he steadfastly supported a national policy of Indian remotion and defended his base by asseverating that remotion was the lone class of action that could salvage the Native Americans from extinction. Jackson ‘s attitude toward Native Americans was sponsoring, depicting them as kids in demand of counsel and believed the remotion policy was good to them. To congressional leaders, he assured them that his policies would enable the federal authorities to put the Indians in a part where they would be free of white invasion and jurisdictional differences between the provinces and federal authorities. He sought congressional blessing of his remotion policy and stated to Captain James Gadsden in October 12, 1829 that the policy would be â€Å" generous to the Indians † and at the same clip would let the United States to â€Å" exert a parental control over their involvements and perchance perpetuate their race. † Though non all Americans were convinced by Jackson ‘s and his confidences that his motivations and methods were philanthropic, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 that allowed: 1 ) the federal authorities the power to relocate any Native Americans in the E to district that was west of the Mississippi River ; 2 ) the president to put up territories within the Indian Territory for the response of folks holding to land exchanges, and 3 ) the payment of insurances to the Indians for aid in carry throughing their relocation, protection in their new colonies, and a continuation of the â€Å" supervision and attention. †Effectss of the Indian Removal Act:The Removal Act of 1830 left many things unspecified, including how the remotion of the eastern Indian states would be arranged. During Jackson ‘s disposal, one of the most of import Cherokee groups that decided to go forth was led by the powerful Ridge household. At the beginning of the battle against remotion, the Ridge household steadfastly supported Chief John Ross, one of the elective leaders of the folk. Ross and his people besides believed that the Cherokees ‘ old ages of peace, accomplishments, and parts gave them the right to stay on land that was lawfully theirs. However, the Ridges shortly decided that the battle to maintain the Cherokee lands in the East was a lost cause. Major Ridge had been one of the first to acknowledge that Indians had no hope against Whites in war. Two cabals so developed within the folk – the bulk, who supported Chief Ross in his battle to maintain their fatherland in the East, and the Treaty Group, who thought the lone solution was to emigrate to the West. Rather than lose all they had to the provinces in the East, the Ridge party, without the consent of Ross, signed the Treaty of New Echota in December 1835. They treaty conveyed to the United States all lands owned, claimed, or possessed by the Cherokee Nation E of the Mississippi River. Major Ridge explained his determination to give up the Cherokee fatherland stating, â€Å" We can non remain here in safety and comfort†¦ We can ne'er bury these places†¦ I would volitionally decease to continue them, but any physical attempt to maintain them will be us our lands, our lives and the lives of our kids ‘ † ( Gilbert 21 ) . By Cherokee jurisprudence, the folk owned all land in common, no person or minority group had a right to dispose of it. Army officer Major William Davis who was hired to inscribe the Cherokees for remotion, wrote the secretary of war that â€Å" nine-tenths † of the Cherokees would reject the Treat of New Echota: â€Å" That paper called a dainty is no pact at all † ( Gilbert 23 ) . However, on May 17, 1836, the Senate ratified the Treaty of New Echota by one ballot, and on May 23, President Jackson signed the pact into jurisprudence. The deadline for remotion of all the Cherokees from the East was set for May 23, 1838. The Treaty of New Echota was non an honest or just understanding between the United States and the Cherokee state. Even Georgia governor William Schley, admitted that it was â€Å" non made with the countenance of their leaders † ( Ehle 244 ) . However, in January 1837, about six hundred affluent members of the Treaty Party emigrated west, a full twelvemonth before the physical exile of the remainder of the Cherokees. Cherokee remotion did non take topographic point as a individual ejection but alternatively spanned many old ages. In the late summer of 1838, a withdrawal of Cherokees began to go out the stockade where they had been held for many months expecting the long journey to their new place West of the Mississippi. Some Cherokees had voluntarily moved west, though most remained in their fatherlands, still non believing they would be forced to go forth. In 1838, the Cherokees were disarmed, and General Winfield Scott was sent to supervise their remotions. John G. Burnett, a soldier who participated in the remotion described the event stating, â€Å" Womans were dragged from their places by soldiers. Children were frequently separated from their parents and driven into the stockades with the sky for a cover and the Earth for a pillow. And frequently the old and inform were prodded with bayonets to rush them to the stockades † ( Ehle 393 ) . Those forced from their fatherland departed with heavy Black Marias. Cherokee George Hicks lamented, â€Å" We are now about to take our concluding leave and sort farewell to our native land, the state that the Great Spirit gave our Fathers†¦ It is with sorrow that we are forced by the white adult male to discontinue the scenes of our childhood † ( Anderson 37 ) . For Cherokees, the Georgian land had significance far deeper than its commercial value. Their civilization and creative activity tied them to this topographic point, and now they were being compelled to give up their places and March West. Above all, Cherokees lost religion in the United States. In one Kentucky town, a local occupant asked an aged Indian adult male if he remembered him from his service the United States Army in the Creek War. The old adult male replied, â€Å" Ah! My life and the lives of my people were so at interest for you and your state. I so thought Jackson my best friend. But ah! Jackson no service me right. Your state no make me justice now! † ( New York Observer, January 26, 1839, quoted in Foreman 305-307. ) Exposure and weariness during the exile weakened immune systems, doing the Cherokees susceptible to diseases such as rubeolas, whooping cough, dysentery, and respiratory infections. The figure of Cherokees who perished on the Trail of Tears, the name given to the 826 stat mi path taken took them west, is difficult to find. The most normally cited figure for deceases is 4,000, about one one-fourth of the Cherokees, and is an estimation made by Dr. Elizur Butler, a missional who accompanied the Cherokees ( Anderson 85 ) . By his ain count, John Ross supervised the remotion of 13,149, and his withdrawal reported 424 deceases and 69 births along with 182 abandonments. A United States functionary in Indian Territory counted 11,504 reachings, a disagreement of 1,645 when compared to the sum of those who departed the East. Sociologist Russell Thorton has speculated that remotion cost the Cherokees 10,000 persons between 1835 and 1840, including the kids that victims would hold produced have they survived ( Anderson 93 ) . Therefore, the overall demographic consequence was far greater than the existent figure of casualties. When the Ross withdrawals arrived in the spring of 1839 to the Indian Territory, melding with the â€Å" Treaty Party † who left before the physical remotion was a daunting undertaking. Removal had shattered the matrix of Cherokee society, rending them from their hereditary beginnings and agitating their infant establishments of authorities. Civil war burst away as the political chasm brought on by the Treaty of New Echota divided the Cherokee Nation. For more than a decennary, the Cherokee fought this bloody civil war, and a deformed version of the old kin retaliation system reemerged. In June 1839, between six and seven thousand Cherokees assembled at Takatoka Camp Ground to decide the looming political crisis. Chief John Ross insisted on the continuance of the eastern Cherokee authorities for several grounds. The Cherokee Nation had a written fundamental law and an luxuriant jurisprudence codification and authorities, and they did represent a significant bulk. However, the United States saw the Treaty Party as true nationalists, Ross as a scoundrel, and the recent emigres as â€Å" barbarians, † queering all attempts to accommodate the divided cabals in the Cherokee state. When the meeting ended with a via media to be voted on a ulterior day of the month, 150 National Party work forces met in secret and decided that the Cherokees who had signed the Treaty of New Echota were treasonists who had violated the Cherokee jurisprudence forbiding the unauthorised sale of land. Early on the forenoon of June 22, one group dragged John Ridge from his bed and stabbed him to decease. Another party shooting Major Ridge as he traveled along a route in Arkansas, killing him immediately. About the same clip, a 3rd group came to Elias Boudinot ‘s house and divide his caput with a hatchet. Reacting to these Acts of the Apostless of force, the Treaty Party remained opposed to any authorities dominated by the National Party. They held their ain councils and sent delegates to Washington to seek federal protection and the apprehension of the individuals responsible for the violent deaths. Most of the Treaty Party continued to defy the act of brotherhood and bitterly op posed any grant to the National Party, widening the turning political chasm. However, every bit long as the National Party refused to sign the Treaty of New Echota, the patriot Cherokees were refused payment of its rentes and financess by the federal authorities. The comparative prosperity of the Treaty Party members ignited the hibernating bitternesss of the destitute Cherokees who had suffered the torment of the Trail of Tears ( McLoughlin 17 ) . In order to confirm the sovereignty of the Cherokee Nation and to relieve the agony of his people, Ross pressed for a renegotiation of the deceitful Treaty of New Echota. While Ross was in Washington in the summer of 1842, force in the Cherokee Nation escalated as members of the Treaty Party began killing persons who they believed had been responsible for the decease of their leaders. Gangs began to assail and kill other Cherokee citizens, most of whom were identified with the National Party, but became impossible to separate between political force and common offense. The Starr pack, for illustration, coalesced ar ound James Starr, a signer of the Treaty of New Echota. Under the pretense of political opposition, Starr ‘s boies and others terrorized the Cherokee state. In 1843, they murdered a white visitant to the Cherokee Nation and besides burned down the place of John Ross ‘ girl. The force gave the federal authorities an alibi to maintain military personnels at Fort Gibson, decry the inefficaciousness of the Nation ‘s authorities and tamper further in Cherokee personal businesss. The Treaty Party renewed their hope of sabotaging Ross ‘ authorization since federal functionaries tended to fault Ross for the slaughter ( Perdue 156 ) . The letters during the clip of this Cherokee civil warfare reflected the fright and anguish felt by the people. In November 1845, Jane Ross Meigs wrote to her male parent, Chief John Ross, â€Å" The state is in such a province merely now that there seems small encouragement for people to construct good houses or do anything. I am so nervous I can scarce compose at all. I hope it will non be long you ‘ll be at place but I hope that the state will be settled by that clip excessively † ( Rozema 198 ) . Less than a twelvemonth subsequently, Sarah Watie of the Treaty Party wrote her hubby, â€Å" I am so tired of populating this manner. I do n't believe I could populate one twelvemonth longer if I knew that we could non acquire settled, it has wore my liquors out merely the ideas of non holding a good place†¦ I am absolutely ill of the universe † ( Perdue 141 ) . An uneasy peace came to the Cherokee Nation after the United States authorities forced the tribal cabals to subscribe a pact of understanding in Washington in 1846. The Cherokees, under Ross ‘ leading was to be sovereign in their new land. It besides brought the per capita payments so urgently needed for economic recovery of the Cherokee Nation. However, with this pact, the Cherokees were caught in a series of contradictions. Cherokee leaders wanted to convert the white population that they were capable of pull offing their ain personal businesss if left to their ain self-determination. But economically, they were tied to the fiscal assistance of the federal authorities, turning of all time more dependent on American financess. Furthermore, in thick of this â€Å" peace, † the Cherokees could non project aside old frights that continued to stalk them. If Whites could drive them from Georgia, why non from this topographic point? From this fright spawned an attitude of mis giving toward the American authorities that is still present in some Cherokee societies today ( Anderson 115 ) .Decision:The causes of the Indian Removal Policy of 1830 are legion and varied in reading. Some historiographers have equated Jackson ‘s remotion policy with Adolph Hitler ‘s Final Solution and hold even called it genocide ( Peter Farb ‘sThe Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial StateNew York: E. P. Dutton, 1968 ) . Not merely did he promote the geographical separation of Indians and Whites, but 1000s of Native Americans perished in the procedure. Whether or non he advocated this mass extinction of Indians, Jackson on the political forepart was a steadfast protagonist of province sovereignty and could non deny Georgia ‘s rights to the Cherokees ‘ expansive lands. In add-on to the impact on the Cherokee demographics, the Treaty of New Echota caused cabals within the Cherokee Nation that broke truenesss and caused them to return back to old kin retaliation warfare. The bitterness that was fostered between the New Party and the Treaty Party created permanent divisions within the Cherokee state. Furthermore, the Cherokee Nation, before the Indian Removal Act, had prided itself on the fact that it had adapted to white establishments with great grades of success. However, prosecuting in kin warfare, the Cherokees took a measure back in advancement when embroiled in such force that was chiefly caused by the Treaty of New Echota. Furthermore, the Cherokees remained dependent on federal authorities ‘s economic aid when they were seeking to turn out that they could work better as a soverign state. The remotion of the Cherokees west of the Mississippi is one of the greatest calamities in United States history. While the Cherokees have shown unbelievable resiliency in retrieving from the decimating effects of their remotion, the unfairness they faced from deceitful pacts, ethnocentric intolerance, and prejudiced Torahs will forever discoloration America ‘s history.

Shifts in The Flea Essay Example

Shifts in The Flea Essay Example Shifts in The Flea Paper Shifts in The Flea Paper In the poem The Flea by John Done, the speaker swings between the fantasy and reality. The speaker who left himself down find strength in fantasy, and satisfies and imagination. However, when he comes bake to reality, he is mad at himself for this daydream. There are 4 shifts in poem. First, the shift is after line 4. At the beginning, the speaker is in reality, so speakers mood is normal. Then, based on A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead (6), the mood of the speaker changes into guilty. The beaker immerses himself in the fantasy: having sex with that lady. It is the shame at the time, so the speaker turns to be a little bit guilty. Secondly, the shift is between line 8 and line 9, speaker comes back to reality. The attitudes of the speaker change. The speaker realizes their relationship can not be more than a flea. Therefore, he comes back to imagination again immediately. The third shift is after stanza one. The speaker comes back to his fantasy. As his desired lady has made a move to kill the flea, the speaker stays her in hand. Regardless she dad to kill (16), the speaker says she would be guilty of sacrilege, three sins in killing three (18). All of these reflects that the speaker is angry at the flea that it destroyed his life. However, he suddenly realizes all of these are Just fantasy; how can he ban someone for destroying something he doesnt even have? Finally, the tone shifts in the last stanza. The speaker can not find love in reality, so he falls himself Into fantasy to delight himself. When his Imagination Is gone, he gets back his lonely, sad, single life.

A List of Arguments For and Against Zoos

A List of Arguments For and Against Zoos Not all animal rights activists love animals. Some respect them because they understand animals have a place in the world. Zoos, especially the ones that are doing everything right, present a special challenge to the animal-loving advocates because they would like to see and interact with the animals. Zoos and Animal Rights Zoo advocates argue that they save endangered species and educate the public, but many  animal rights activists believe the costs outweigh the benefits, and the violation of the rights of the individual animals is unjustifiable. Roadside zoos, petting zoos, and smaller animal exhibitors tend to offer inadequate space for the animals, keeping them in pens or cages. Sometimes, barren concrete and metal bars are all a tiger or bear will know for their entire lives. Larger, accredited zoos try to distance themselves from these operations by touting how well the animals are treated, but to animal rights activists, the issue not how well the animals are treated, but whether we have a right to confine them for our amusement or education. grass-lifeisgood / Getty Images Arguments For Zoos By bringing people and animals together, zoos educate the public and foster an appreciation of the animals. This exposure and education motivate people to protect the animals.Zoos save endangered species by bringing them into a safe environment, where they are protected from poachers, habitat loss, starvation, and predators.Many zoos also have breeding programs for endangered species. In the wild, these individuals might have trouble finding mates and breeding.Reputable zoos are accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and are held to high standards for the treatment of the animals. According to the AZA, accreditation means, official recognition and approval of a zoo or aquarium by a group of experts.A good zoo provides an enriched habitat in which the animals are never bored, are well cared for, and have plenty of space.Zoos are a tradition, and a visit to a zoo is a wholesome, family activity.Seeing an animal in person is a much more personal and more memorable experienc e than seeing that animal in a nature documentary. Some would argue that humans have little, if any duty to non-human animals because humans are more important, and if keeping animals in zoos serves any educational or entertainment purposes, it serves a purpose to the humans, even if that purpose is not beneficial for the animals.Some zoos help rehabilitate wildlife and take in exotic pets that people no longer want or are no longer able to care for.Both accredited and unaccredited animal exhibitors are regulated by the federal Animal Welfare Act, which establishes standards for care. Long Zhiyong / Getty Images Arguments Against Zoos From an animal rights standpoint, we do not have a right to breed, capture and confine other animals, even if they are endangered. Being a member of an endangered species doesnt mean the individual animals have fewer rights.Animals in captivity suffer from stress, boredom, and confinement. Intergenerational bonds are broken when individuals get sold or traded to other zoos, and no pen or even drive-through safari can compare to the freedom of the wild.Baby animals bring in visitors and money, but this incentive to breed new baby animals leads to overpopulation. Surplus animals are sold not only to other zoos, but also to circuses, canned hunting facilities, and even for slaughter.Some zoos just kill their surplus animal outright.The vast majority of captive breeding programs do not release animals back into the wild. The offspring are forever part of the chain of zoos, circuses, petting zoos, and exotic pet trade that buy, sell and barter animals among themselves and exploit animals. Ned the Asian elephant was born at an accredited zoo, but later confiscated from an abusive circus trainer and finally sent to a sanctuary. Removing individuals from the wild will further endanger the wild population because the remaining individuals will be less genetically diverse and will have more difficulty finding mates.If people want to see wild animals in real life, they can observe wildlife in the wild or visit a sanctuary. A true sanctuary does not buy, sell, or breed animals, but takes in unwanted exotic pets, surplus animals from zoos or injured wildlife that can no longer survive in the wild.If zoos are teaching children anything, its that imprisoning animals for our own entertainment is acceptable.The argument that children will have more compassion animals they can see life does not hold water. Not one of todays children has ever seen a dinosaur, yet kids are crazy about them.At least one study has shown that elephants kept in zoos do not live as long as elephants in the wild.The federal Animal Welfare Act establishes only the most minimal standards for cage size, shelter, health care, ventilation, fencing , food, and water. For example, enclosures must provide sufficient space to allow each animal to make normal postural and social adjustments with adequate freedom of movement. Inadequate space may be indicated by evidence of malnutrition, poor condition, debility, stress, or abnormal behavior patterns. Violations often result in a slap on the wrist and the exhibitor is given a deadline to correct the violation. Even a long history of inadequate care and AWA violations, such as the history of Tony the Truck Stop Tiger, will not free the animals. Sanctuaries also rehabilitate wildlife and take in unwanted exotic pets, without breeding, buying and selling animals like zoos do.Animals sometimes escape their enclosures, endangering themselves as well as people. There have even been incidents of zoo animals eating other zoo animals. In the case of zoos, both sides will argue that their side saves animals. Whether or not zoos benefit the animal community, they certainly do make money. As long as there is demand for zoos, they will continue to exist. We can start by making sure that zoo conditions are the best possible for the animals who are confined to them.

The Vernon john Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Vernon john Story - Essay Example At one instant, after her father was finished administering a service, Baby Dee entreated the reverend if there was a way they could ride a bus to get to leisure but Vernon replied in disagreement on discovering the imposed segregation, of the blacks from the whites, in Montgomery buses. On the initial phase of dealing with the situation of her father, Baby Dee was finding how essential it was to communicate well and build on a deeper level of bonding with her father. She started feeling anxious towards their condition, recognizing how profoundly involved Rev. Johns was to the congregation and his stance regarding civil rights and equality especially for his kind. As she told her father about an awful dream where she witnessed his dead body lying filled with blood, Baby Dee likewise mentioned her fear of death. This makes a picture of a character whose weakness emerged out of being helpless, inexperienced in such setting that enabled Vernon’s disposition to amply contrast his daughter’s view and preference of a conventional working head of the family.

Sports Manufacturing in India and China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sports Manufacturing in India and China - Essay Example Additionally China is developed and has a he population. These would all serve to provide market for the product. The report also recommends that supplier locations be made when examinimg suitable places to invest. Foreign direct investments may be defined as investments that are usually one in a different economy from the investor's and are normally long term. Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) will only be acknowledged as such if the mother company has considerable control over the operations of the foreign company. The UN defined 'considerable control' as the possession of ten percent of the company's shares. They must have the ability to vote and affect decisions within that company.1 Around thirty years ago, foreign direct investment was left to the United States mostly. This was because they had not participated in the Second World War. Consequently, they had some spare resources over and above those ones available to other countries of the world. The dominated this position until the eighties. Some Asian countries began emerging and by the nineteen nineties, China was recognized as one of the not influential lucrative markets for foreign direct investments. India is also another emerging economy and is also considered as one of the most lucrative countries to invest in. A survey conducted by Kearney in 2005 found that China was the best destination for foreign direct investment. The second nation was India and The US came in at a distant third. The statistics also testify to these findings. In the year 2006, China's FDI surmounted to a whooping 18.5 billion dollars and this was an increase of almost six percent. In relation to that, China authorized about twelve thousand seven hundred new companies to be created in the country. Additionally, there were about eight hundred and thirty seven million dollars that were put invested in China by American investors. This goes to show that the environment in China and India is quite favorable for investment. 2 2.0 Description of an imaginary sports manufacturing company 2.1 Product Sports manufacturing companies have numerous ranges of products which they can produce. Some of these include tennis rackets, rugby balls, soccer balls, cricket equipment, bowling balls and many others. However, for purposes of this report, there will be more emphasis on the manufacture of bowling balls. Bowling balls come in different varieties. They are usually differentiated by the sort of materials that are used to make them. Some may be made out of polyester while others may be made of other chemical elements such as Urethane. These varieties could be use as product segments by the imaginary company. The products must also be superior to the rest; quality assurance. Bowling ball manufacture requires consistent and creative use of technology in the production process. There are always new methods of production that are entering the market on a daily basis. Consequently, there is a need to ensure that one's company is well informed about these production processes and that they can implement them a soon a possible. Superior bowling balls are normally maintained by creative engineers. Therefore the imaginary company is characterized by a solid and reliable research and development team. 3 The imaginary company also has to make sure that it lays produce products that are consistent in nature. This means that

Victim Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Victim Interview - Essay Example interviewee provided information that matches with the nature of his work during the accident, date, time, the magnitude of the injury and the aftermath. In September 2010, an employee whose name will remain withheld was going about his normal duties at his usual work place. As a mansion at a construction site, the interviewee’s responsibilities included pushing, lifting, carrying, pulling and throwing variety of objects at work. A track had offloaded several building blocks some few meters from the construction site on the day of accident. At this stage of construction, the major building works were happening in the second floor of the same building. This implied that some of the workers had to carry the bricks physically to the second floor. This task involved bending or squatting to reach for the brick, lifting, the block and then transferring it to an appropriate position of the body, preferably on the shoulders. The interviewee would then carry the load on his shoulders as he climbs up the stairs up to the second floor. Upon reaching the destination, he would transfer the load from the shoulder into his hands before caref ully lowering it to the ground. The interviewee started on well and was registering encouraging progress as manifested by the diminishing number of bricks at the site of the offload. However, as time went elapsed and the number of trips increased, most of the employees started showing signs of exhaustion. My interviewee began to feel pain in his back, shoulders, waist and knees but the pressure from his supervisors to get the job finished was overwhelming. Although the job was later completed, my interviewee was taken to the hospital after he collapsed due to the immense pain he encountered from the slave like task. He complained of general body pains but especially on the shoulders, back, waist and the knees. The incident that happened on 2 September 2010 led to the sustenance of immense injuries on the body. The interviewee’s body had

International retailer enter Indian market

International retailer enter Indian market INTRODUCTION Today retail is no more restricted to just selling goods to consumer. It is worlds largest private industry with the sales of US$ 6.6 trillion. (McKinsey Global Institute Report, 2001)Cox R and Brittain P (2004) gave the modern definition of retailing as Retailing is the sale of goods and services to the ultimate consumer for personal, family or household use. In UK retail sector is the second largest employer, contributes 23% in GDP and accounts for the 35% of consumer expenditure. (Cox R and Brittain P, 2004) The sector seems to be mature in UK. But there are few emerging markets in which retail sector is still in its growth phase. One of them is Retail Sector of India. AIM AND OBJECTIVES Aim: To determine the barriers for an international retailer like PRIMARK to enter Indian Market and to find out the suitable marketing policies depending upon the problems they might face. Rationale: Until the fall of communism the countries in the world were divided in to two types- communists and capitalists; depending upon the economical system they had adopted. But there were few newly Independent countries which adopted the mixed type of economy. As the strength of capitalism was proved all the economies tend towards it. Still there are countries like India which are conserved in nature. Route of entering the Indian Market is still full of hurdles for any foreign investor. But the challenge is acceptable because at the end of the route there is a huge market with millions of potential consumers. Objectives: Analysing the potential of Indian Retail sector, market requirements and risks involved. Review the policies of Indian government about Foreign Direct Investment in retail sector. Review how other companies have entered Indian Market. E.g. M S, Wal-Mart, Woolworths etc. Review PRIMARKS mission, vision, operation strategy and marketing policies. Study how PRIMARK has entered in other countries. Learning few appropriate strategies and marketing policies which PRIMARK can adopt to make a successful entry in India. LITERATURE REVIEW International Retailing: Two sets of factors can make a domestic retailer go international. First is push factors which includes saturation of the domestic market, recession and planning restrictions. The other set of factor is known as pull factors which is nothing but market attractiveness for the foreign retailer. It consists of falling barriers to market entry, supplier strategy, strategic alliances, emerging markets, changing consumer taste, economies of scale. But as the venture involves huge investment various strategic methods are used reduce the risk. Thus market research followed by the deciding upon entering strategy such as acquisition or joint venture etc. would be the most suitable path for any retailer. (Cox R and Brittain P, 2004) Indian Retail Sector An Opportunity: The time when developed economies are facing recession, two countries are balancing world economic growth, one of them is India. Indias GDP growth was 9.4% in 2007. According to McKinsey report there are 12 m retail outlets in India. Most of them are small and unorganised, but contributes 6% in GDP. (McKinsey Global Institute Report, 2001)The Indian Organised and Modern Retail Market is only 9% of total retail industry, which too low compared to western world (65% in USA) as well as other Asian countries. (Appendix 1) Thus the sector as such is underdeveloped. Indias Favourable demography, availability of the disposable income with young generation and stability due to vibrant democracy are other advantages for any foreign investors. (Country Profile 2007 India) Report by McKinsey also suggests if the government become a bit liberal and bureaucracy is reduced then the productivity of retail sector would increase by two and half times (250%) and wo uld create 8 million jobs. (McKinsey Global Institute Report, 2001) Market potential can be further back up by study of Kearney A. T. (2006) about Global Retail Development Index. Understanding Indian Consumer: India is a huge country with varied consumer pool. Supporting to the view Ramamurthy K and Naikare A (2007) from Synovate Business consulting says, The Indian market shows differences in consumer behaviour from one region to another in terms of usage, preference, brands, tastes etc. Advocating to the point Mr. Biyani simplify it as, Indian Consumers, unlike people elsewhere, demand ideas and solutions that are uniquely Indian. Mr. Kishore Biyani (CEO, Future Group and Managing Director of Pantaloon Retail, India) Thus any international retailer planning to enter the Indian market would have to consider the same for planning the marketing strategies. Indian modern retailers are attracting only one stratum of people, which includes educated urban Indians, but those which are having the lower purchasing power especially people from sectors such as plumbing, carpentry etc. are often neglected. On January 26, 2006 Big Bazaar announced a Lowest Price Day to attract the later segment. (Biyani K, 2007) So it means there is a GAP in the retail segment which is attractive and can be exploited. The dissertation would evaluate the suitability of marketing strategies, product range etc. for retailer to enter India. Indian Government Policies for Foreign Investor: Foreign company intended to do business in India can follow one of the three routes as explained by Titus and Co., Advocates (2007) Open A liaison office Set up a branch office Incorporate a company If the company wish to set up its own permanent unit in India then it has to follow the third path. But then depending on the sector company can have Wholly Owned Subsidiary (WOS) or Joint Venture (JV). (Titus and Co., Advocates 2007) India has not completely opened the retail sector for foreign investors and the liberalisation is proceeding gradually. Till 2006 the only route for FDI in retails was Franchisee. Government then allowed 51% FDI in single brand retailing. (Country Profile 2007 India) But the retail distribution is still forbidden. (Appendix 2) Along with these ownership policies, India is ranked higher in putting barriers such as discriminatory procedures, tariffs and regulatory barriers on Foreign Investment. The other hurdle for entering Indian market is various barriers to entrepreneurship. Though India has reduced the legal barriers such as getting license or permit it has not reduced the administrative burdens on new entrepreneur. (OECD Economic Survey India, p. 91, 92) For investing in single brand retail sector an investor has to take an approval from SIA (Secretariat for Industrial Assistance), the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, New Delhi. (Titus and Co., Advocates, 2007) The dissertation would study the regulations of Indian Government for foreign retailer. Entry of Foreign Retailers in India: Retail market potential of India has lured many foreign investors to enter Indian market by various means. The dissertation will analyse the strategies used by them to enter India. Wal-Mart entered wholesale business in India through joint venture with Bharti Enterprises. Bharti-Wal-Mart is panning to open many cash and carry shops by 2015. (The Economist, August 9, 2007) Auchan International SA from France is having regional purchasing and liaison office in India. Cargill India Pvt. Ltd. well known USA based company have launched NatureFresh brand of Atta (wheat floor), refined oil, salt, branded rice etc. Mc Donalds Restaurant has joint venture with Cannaught Plaza Restaurants Pvt. Ltd. to operate in Delhi, Jaipur and Mathura region. (Source: Foreign Companies In India Yearbook 2007) Dairy Farm International Holding Ltd. of Hong Kong along with Food World Supermarkets Ltd. (India) in a joint venture has opened 89 retail shops in India. Procter and Gamble Hygiene and Healthcare Ltd. (USA) have launched consumer and health care products in India. In the project 35% investment is from Indian Share holders and 65% is from Procter and Gamble Company and Procter and Gamble Home Products Ltd. Marks and Spencer c/o Planet Sports Pvt. Ltd. is having 14 retail outlets and distribution network in Delhi, Mumbai, Haidrabad, Jaipur, and Pune etc. in India. (Source: Foreign Companies In India Yearbook 2007) Marks and Spencer has re-entered Indian Retail Market together with Reliance Industries (India). In a joint venture Marks and Spencer is having 51% ownership. Duo is planning to open 50 shops in near future. (Hall J, April 19, 2008) Failure: There are few examples of failure as well. Few organisations have withdrawn their interest in entering Indian market. E.g. Carrefour and Tesco went out of the negotiation for joint venture in India. Starbucks after getting to disapprovals from the Government of India pull out two proposals for franchise. Metro (German Retailer) enter wholesale business in India but since then it has engaged in solving the dispute with state government of Karnataka as state law does not allow Metro to sell agricultural products. (The Economist, August 9, 2007) The dissertation would make an attempt to investigate the reasons behind those failures. Review of PRIMARK: Associated British Food the parent company of PRIMARK opened its first value clothing store in Dublin in 1969. Since then it has opened 177 stores in Ireland (trade with brand name Penneys), Spain and UK. (www.primark.co.uk) The retailer targets the age group o to 35 and especially women customers by providing good quality fashionable cloths at reasonable price. The retail chain basically became popular because of its value for money price. The major strategies of the company involve, Bulk production, Simple to produce designs and Production of only popular sizes. (Atherton J, 2008) The company also deals directly with the producer and there is no intermediate in between and thus avoid huge overhead costs. PRIMARK also does not spend much on advertisements and believes Word of Mouth is the most effective way of advertising. PRIMARK became the member of Ethical Trading Initiative in October 2006 along with the Marks and Spencer, Nike, Gap and Levis. (Staff Induction Handbook, Primark). The PRIMARK is currently operating in Ireland, UK, and Spain. It is expanding internationally and further planning to move in to Portugal and Germany. PRIMARK is selling the similar stock in all countries. It is not favourable for any organisation if they had to change a lot while going international. According to Gavin George from Ernst and Young, Emerging markets offer exciting growth prospects, while many European markets have high spending, but relatively weak competition. Primark will be in an interesting place in Germany because while there is an extensive value clothing proposition there are not so many fashion-oriented players. (McAllister D, 2008) The compatibility of PRIMARK with Indian Consumer and Government would be analysed to find out the appropriate way for entering India. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Research design is the general plan to conduct the research. Saunders et. al. (2007) compares it with onion. The first layer of an onion is deciding upon the Philosophy of research, then the approach, strategy and at the core of an onion lie the data collection and data analysis. Research Philosophy: The research philosophy adopted by the researcher defines the further path he would follow. The problem stated as a topic in this piece of research proposal is practical and related to realities. Thus it adopts the functionalist paradigm. According to Burrell and Morgan (1979:26) It is often problem-oriented approach, concerned to provide practical solutions to practical problems (Cited in Saunders et. al. 2007) This paradigm has two dimension as objectivism and regulation. Objectivism is one of the aspects of Ontology philosophy. But this research would rather proceed with Pragmatism approach, which means the research can follow the philosophy of epistemology as well as ontology. (Saunders et. al., 2007, pp. 101-113) Research Approach: The second layer of a research onion is research approach. This research would use an inductive approach for research which is much more appropriate for answering this sort of questions. Inductive approach gives the necessary flexibility for choosing the research methodology depending upon the research question. (Saunders et. al., 2007, pp. 119) Purpose: The purpose of this research is more of exploratory study and a bit of explanatory study. It would explain the constraints in entering Indian market and how other foreign investors have entered the market. Depending on that it would make an attempt to explore the policies PRIMARK should embrace to enter Indian market successfully. (Saunders et. al., 2007, pp. 133) Strategy: As Robson (2002:178) defines the case study research as a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence. (Cited in Saunders et. al. 2007, p139) The case study research would be the strategy of choice for this research. DATA COLLECTION METHOD For the philosophy, approach and strategy opted for this dissertation the most suitable method of data collection would be the qualitative method. (Saunders et. al., 2007) The data would be collected by in-depth interview of the people form various sectors related to retail business. The main advantage of the method as stated by Burgess (1982:107) is, it is the opportunity for the researcher to probe deeply to uncover new clue, open up new dimensions of a problem and secure vivid, accurate inclusive accounts that are based on personal experience. (Cited by Smith et. al. 2008) The principle source would be the Management of PRIMARK. As the researcher is working with PRIMARK Hammersmith, London; Access to the Store Manager Mrs. Katarina Taggard has been negotiated. Though she has agreed to help with the dissertation, the permission from the Head Office, Reading, UK; is yet to receive. The another person to be interviewed is Mr. Ashdin Doctor, A Market Research Analyst, Retail Sector M umbai, India. The formal approval has been negotiated with him. The questionnaire would be sent to him through e-mail. The questionnaire would be sent to Eva George, China and India Business Development Officer, London and Anita Nandi, City Representative, Mumbai. (Leaflet, City Business Library) In a mean time other important retailers from India are being contacted for the same purpose. ANALYSIS AND PRETSENTATION OF DATA The data gathered from the qualitative method would be analysed by using the Grounded Analysis method of analysing qualitative data. The data would be read and understood well and then it would be linked with the theory or the secondary data. The whole data would be presented in the form of charts, tables and graphs following the critical analysis. SECONDARY DATA The information collected by some body else is regarded as secondary data. The proper utilisation of secondary data depends on analysing and interpreting skills of the researcher. (Smith et. al. 2008) The secondary data would be collected from the books and journal articles regarding the retail sector of India. The information about the country profile and statistics about India would be accessed from following official web sites, www.cia.gov/cia/publications/facebook www.rbi.org.in www.statisticsofindia.com www.finmin.nic.in (Leaflet, City Business Library) CONCLUSION The dissertation aims to analyse the problems international retailer might encounter while entering the Indian market. Eventually it is expected to answer following things; Attractiveness and market growth of one of the segments of Indian market which is not yet entirely exploited. All available paths to enter India and the most suitable one for PRIMARK, e.g. Joint Venture. Choice of marketing policies to be employed. 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