U.S Supreme Court Antonin Scalia as a textualist

Introduction The concept of separation of powers aims at ensuring that branches of government with different tasks and mandates perform their duties independently without interference according to their areas of specialization. The main reason for such specialization is to limit the power that each branch of government has in a bid to prevent the creation of moral hazard.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on U.S Supreme Court: Antonin Scalia as a textualist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, such separation prevents one branch of government from interfering with another’s operations and performance of duties. However, it is essential to ensure that the branches of government operate within their mandate without overstepping their power. Since the three bodies constitute the highest offices in government, they should keep each other in check. Separation of power has often resulted in controversy as t he legislature and the judiciary’s powers sometimes overlap due to constitutional and statutory interpretations. The paper discusses some of the ways in which the theory of textualism makes interpretation easier, simplifies challenges, and how the theory compares to the theories of originalism and common law use of the principle of precedence in terms of objectivity and ease of application. The paper explores the three theories according to sentiments by the U.S Supreme Court judge Antonin Scalia in his work, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Textualism: Antonin Scalia Antonin Scalia is a Judge of the Supreme Court – a position that he has held for the past twenty years. Scalia’s extensive experience in the judicial system has made his opinion on statutory and constitutional interpretation noteworthy, especially when conducting analyses on other theoretical approaches to the same. In his book, A Matter of Interpretation, Scalia clearly expr esses his support and preference for the textualist approach of interpretation. According to Scalia (1998), the most suitable interpretation of the constitution and other statutes is one where â€Å"the text is the law†¦and it is the text that must be observed† (p. 11), as it is simple, complies with constitutionality, and prevents the inclusion of personal prejudices during the interpretation process. In essence, textualism proposes a method of interpretation of statutes according to the meaning of the actual text and language in a statute. Scalia (1998) states that the ordinary meaning of a text governs the interpretation and that judges should not go outside the text to seek a meaning through the application of factors such as the intention of the law. In his opinion, textuality provides a sense of simplicity when interpreting legislation that most other methods lack (p.14).Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, such simplicity eases the interpretation process and shortens the amount of time that a court spends contemplating on a decision, without compromising any of the statutory or constitutional provisions (Scalia, 1998, p.15). Another advantage that Scalia mentions in his text is the view that the adoption of textualism in interpretation creates uniformity in interpretation that other methods lack. Scalia (1998) explains this point by positing that the uniform application of statutes and constitutional provisions creates a possibility for uniformity in interpretation resulting in easy application of the law if judges choose to use textualism as opposed to any other method of interpretation (p.20). In Scalia’s view, the use of factors such as intention and legislative history results in subjective decisions and opens doors for personal prejudices, which becomes problematic because judges might use such criteria to create their version of what they think the law, should be instead of what it is. He expressly states, â€Å"My view that the objective indications of the words, rather than the intent of the legislature, is what constitutes the law leads me, of course, to the conclusion that the legislative history should not be used as an authoritative indication of a statute’s meaning† (Scalia, 1998, p. 29). Although Scalia’s arguments make a lot of sense, some scholars, especially in the law profession, argue that the theory has limitations like any other theories, and thus it does not qualify as the easiest theory to use in terms of flexibility and adaptability to changes in societal values. Some of the prominent theories that provide a comparison in application to textualism include the original intention theory and use of precedence. Original intent (originalism) The original intent theory of statutory and constitutional interpretation suggests that in order for judges to obtai n the correct interpretation, they must consider the intention of the legislature at the time of the statute’s inception and then apply such findings to cases at present. Proponents of this theory justify its formulation by stating that it aims at ensuring that judges understand the meaning of the text in statutes clearly before application (O’Brien, 2012, p.102). In this case, the intention of lawmakers suffices over the literal meaning of the text. Proponents of originalism argue that the vague nature of the constitution and statutes makes a literal reading of text problematic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on U.S Supreme Court: Antonin Scalia as a textualist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, consideration of the intent of the legislature using the test of a reasonable man eliminates such limitation and results in ease of application. The proponents also state that the meaning of the law d oes not change even as society changes, thus safeguarding the core societal values it aims to protect. These arguments make sense in the light of globalization and the adoption of selective cultures, both of which create the potential risk of loss of identity in any society (Scalia, 1998, p.186). Although the application of the theory sounds simple, certain difficulties exist in terms of uniformity of interpretation. Different people interpret common situations differently. For instance, some people choose to focus on the positive side of any situation, while others bear an inclination to notice the negative. In the same way, some scholars, including Scalia, point out that it is nearly impossible for all judges to interpret the text in statutes the same way. The element of ambiguity is often the source of such lack of synchronicity. Secondly, reference to the original intent prevents the application of the statute in later cases whose facts comply with the application of the literal text meaning, but fails in terms of application according to the intent. One of the issues that have so far proven this point is the issue of homosexuality. Most legislative bodies in federal governments during the 1980s outlawed homosexuality in express terms. In current years, activism in support of gay rights has ignited the need to revisit the statutes. However, consideration of the original intent has so far been one of the reasons why incorporation of such rights into law has been nearly impossible. According to Scalia (1998, p.190), the basis for original intent is erroneous, thus creating possible grounds for nullification of the theory with regard to the interpretation process. Scalia (1998, p.182) cautions that with more than five hundred members of the legislature, it is nearly impossible to ascertain the collective intention of all the members when establishing original intent in any statute. Additionally, the application of original intent requires one to revisit legis lator history, which creates a lack of appropriate respect for the wording of the text (Scalia, 1998, p.179). Comparison of the theory to textualism indicates the latter to be simpler in application. However, it is important to note that both theories possess elements that overlap with such ease of application, thus making them appear relative albeit only with regard to ease of application. Common law use of Precedence The principle of precedence essentially suggests that in order to establish the applicability of statutes and the constitution to cases, a judge or lawyer has to consider previous judicial decisions on matters exhibiting similarities in terms of facts. Ordinarily, the principle aims at creating a sense of uniformity and consistency in decision making that eases the task of judges and lawyers when evaluating cases.Advertising Looking for essay on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the uniqueness of some facts in specific cases makes adherence with such uniformity problematic. Usually, in instances where the points in a particular case reveal elements absent in past cases providing precedence, a judge has to make a fresh decision for purposes of utilization as precedence in future cases (O’Brien, 2012, p. 309). The concept adheres by several rules, one of which is that the facts in the current case have to exhibit striking similarities with the applicable case law. Secondly, the hierarchy of courts dictates the effect that the precedent has on the current case. Usually, the high court, court of appeal, and the Supreme Court create decisions that are binding in nature while those of lower courts often have a suggestive appeal as opposed to an authoritative one (Scalia, 1998, p.190). Thirdly, case law, which is the primary source of law concerning this principle, serves to fill gaps regarding certain matters for which statutes provide no satisfac tory means of resolution. Ideally, the application of precedent cases in decision-making eliminates the need to deal with issues of ambiguity and vagueness (O’Brien, 2012, p. 421). The use of past cases with similar facts makes it easy for lawmakers to establish a decision. An analysis of these facts reveals this method of interpretation to be comfortable and more practical than originalism. However, this theory is not without its challenges. One of the most controversial issues surrounding the theory’s application is its tendency to overlap with the legislative mandate regarding the formulation and enactment of laws in statutes. Scalia (1998, p.178) argues that the principle creates a threshold through which the judiciary crosses into the territory of the legislature, thus breaching the concept of separation of powers. He notes that the legislature reserves all rights to formulate laws while the judiciary’s task is to enact these laws. However, by creating case law and using it as a basis for decision-making, the judiciary turns itself into a law-making body, which is contrary to its purpose (Scalia, 1998, p.189). In his book, Scalia (1998, p.192) argues that this mistake comes from educational institutions that teach students how to derive law from past cases. By doing so, law professors create a breed of lawyers and judges that considers case laws more as compared to what it does to actual law in statutes and the constitution. He explains that even though the principle still gives regard to statutory law, the importance that it accords such law is not as high as it should be. In his opinion, the application of case law as the basis for decisions creates a scenario where historical legislation overshadows current legislation and diminishes the importance of the legislature (Scalia, 1998, p.194). Therefore, the principle in Scalia’s view is flawed and it fades in comparison to his textualism principle. Conclusion Theoretically, usi ng the principle of textualism as a method of constitutional and statutory interpretation is easier than applying theories such as precedence and originalism as the application of the law does not require any interpretation other than the literal meaning of the text. However, the practical aspect of such application reveals that the principle is riddled with limitations like any other theory. References O’Brien, D. (2012). Judges on Judging: Views from the Bench (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press. Scalia, A. (1998). A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. This essay on U.S Supreme Court: Antonin Scalia as a textualist was written and submitted by user Judah V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Ambivalen Conquests and Equianos Travels essays

Ambivalen Conquests and Equiano's Travels essays Ibo-ny and Ivory: The Inharmonious British/Ibo Relations Traditions are the guideposts driven deep in our subconscious minds. The most powerful ones are those we can't even describe and aren't even aware of... Ellen Goodmans survey of traditions persuasiveness could not be truer of the Ibo culture and the African slave trade with regards to British influence. Clearly, the Ibo people instinctively held closely to their customs in reaction to English presence; plausibly, their intent in so doing was to hold as closely as possible to their status quo. Remarkably enough, their true effect was the facilitation, not prevention, both of the British slave trade in the mid-eighteenth century and of British colonization in the late nineteenth century. As the Ibo provided this ingress for the white man to gain power on African land, the Ibo people had some choices to be made that would definitively shape their chi, or destiny. To be sure, the story of Olaudah Equiano as well as Chinua Achebes Things Fall Apart provides evidence contrary to th e common conception of the superior British strong-arming the inferior Africans to the point of submission. Specifically, both accounts show intelligent African societies making reasoned yet vacillating decisions regarding the cooperation with slave traders or conformation to British colonists culture. This rift in African resolve was enough to allow both the eighteenth-century slave traders and the nineteenth century colonists to divide Ibo with intent to conquer; in doing so taking the most important thing to a human, freedom. British slave traders capitalized upon the rivalries amongst the numerous and highly competitive political entities of eighteenth-century Africa with the purpose of capturing slaves. Values, preferences, and national identity were set on very narrow scopes throughout Ibo society. Equiano aptly describes this, stating &quo...

Cómo sacar el pasaporte americano por primera vez

Cà ³mo sacar el pasaporte americano por primera vez Los ciudadanos sin pasaporte americano deberà ­an solicitarlo ya que este  documento no sà ³lo garantiza su regreso a los Estados Unidos en los casos de viajes internacionales sino que, adems, es un documento que sirve para  acreditar  la ciudadanà ­a y la identidad. Por esas razones es muy conveniente sacarlo tan pronto como se pueda. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre quà © documentos presentar, dà ³nde solicitarlo, el caso especial de los menores, quà © hacer en caso de extraviar el pasaporte y quà © otros documentos pueden utilizarse en algunos controles migratorios. Dà ³nde hay que presentarse cuando se solicita por primera vez el pasaporte americano Cuando se solicita el pasaporte americano por primera vez dentro de los Estados Unidos, es necesario hacerlo en persona en una Agencia de Pasaportes o en una Oficina Autorizada  y presentando los documentos que se especifican en el siguiente apartado. Si se solicita en el extranjero es necesario hacer una cita con la embajada americana o con el consulado que corresponda segà ºn el lugar de residencia del solicitante. Por ejemplo, el caso de un nià ±o que nace en otro paà ­s pero que adquiere la ciudadanà ­a americana por derecho de sangre. En estos casos, cada oficina consular sigue sus propias reglas sobre cà ³mo hacer la cita, pero los documentos a presentar son en todas partes los mismos y son los que se detallan a continuacià ³n. Documentos para sacar el pasaporte americano por primera vez Deber completarse correctamente  el formulario DS-11Probar que se es ciudadano de EEUU (certificado de nacimiento,  naturalizacià ³n o cualquier otro documento que sirve para acreditar la ciudadanà ­a)Probar con documentos legales admisibles el nombre de la persona (licencia de matrimonio, licencia de manejar...)Entregar una foto de pasaporte de menos de seis meses de antigà ¼edad a color Reglas para sacar el pasaporte de USA que aplican a menores de edad Solicitar pasaportes americanos para nià ±os tiene reglas especiales sobre presencia del menor y de los padres. Deber aportarse el Nà ºmero de Seguridad Social de al menos uno de los padres.  Y si sà ³lo un padre tiene la custodia del menor, deber acreditarse tal hecho mediante un documento, por ejemplo, certificado de viudedad, decreto de divorcio, etc. Tipos de tarifa para solicitar pasaporte americano Su costo final va a depender de la edad del solicitante y de si se pide una tramitacià ³n urgente o no y de si se pide conjuntamente con una tarjeta de pasaporte.  Aquà ­ se especifican todas las opciones de costo del pasaporte. Tiempo de tramitacià ³n Generalmente se tarda entre 4 y seis semanas en renovar el pasaporte pero puede pagarse una tarifa de $60 dà ³lares para acelerar el proceso a apenas una semana. Adems, si existiera una emergencia, se puede tramitar de urgencia. Pà ©rdida o extravà ­o de pasaporte americano Si le roban su pasaporte americano o si lo pierde debe notificarlo inmediatamente de la siguiente manera: A Embajada o el consulado correspondiente, si el titular del pasaporte americano se encuentra en el extranjeroPor el contrario, si est en Estados Unidos, por telà ©fono marcando al 1-877-487-2778, de lunes a viernes de 8am a 10 pm hora de la costa Atlntica (E.T.).Tambià ©n es posible completando el formulario DS-64y envindolo a la direccià ³n que en à ©l aparece.Por à ºltimo, si se desea obtener un nuevo pasaporte, entonces deber acudir en persona con el formulario DS-64 y DS-11 a una Oficina Autorizada o a una Agencia de Pasaportes. No notificar la pà ©rdida del pasaporte puede ser un gran quebradero de cabeza ya que puede dar lugar a situaciones de robo de identidad. Verificacià ³n del estado de tramitacià ³n del pasaporte Puede chequear el estado de la tramitacià ³n de su pasaporte en la pgina oficial del Departamento de Estado. En todos los asuntos oficiales, como por ejemplo, este de solicitar el pasaporte, es fundamental asegurarse de que se utilizan pginas oficiales del gobierno, las cuales tienen la extensià ³n .gov Tips para la renovacià ³n del pasaporte Cuando expire el pasaporte, puede renovarse por correo siempre y cuando se cumplan ciertos requisitos, como que el pasaporte expirado està © en buen estado. Tambià ©n es importante la edad del solicitante y si se trata o no de la primera renovacià ³n de pasaporte que se realiza de adulto. Por otro lado  y a diferencia de lo que ocurre con los residentes permanentes los ciudadanos pueden residir en el extranjero por el tiempo que asà ­ lo deseen. No hay là ­mites legales. Si el pasaporte expira estando fuera de los Estados Unidos, la renovacià ³n se puede hacer a travà ©s de consulados y embajadas. Documentos para acelerar paso por control migratorio para regresar a USA El pasaporte se puede utilizar en todo tipo de pasos migratorios para ingresar a los Estados Unidos. Adems, en casos muy particulares como tipo de frontera y edad del ciudadano, se pueden utilizar otros documentos  que conviene conocer. Adems  los ciudadanos americanos pueden participar en programas que permiten un ingreso ms rpido cuando se regresa a Estados Unidos, las reglas son diferentes segà ºn el tipo de frontera y lugar de llegada. Nexus: entre Canad y Estados UnidosGlobal Entry o APC cuando se llega por aeropuertoSENTRI para el cruce por frontera terrestre o marà ­tima de Mà ©xico a Estados Unidos.   Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Organization Behaviour and Leadership Development Scenarios Essay

Organization Behaviour and Leadership Development Scenarios - Essay Example Scenario two setting involved unifying two competing junior employees i.e. Rosa and oli by finding common and unifying ideas, hence unifying them is of great importance in meeting the company objectives. The objective of this scenario was to get oli and Rosa to agree on maintaining customer retention in the call center at 65 % and also getting everyone to agree on using automated phone system. The steps I took to resolve this scenario were, actively listening to oli and Rosa, encouraging oli and Rosa to communicate to help reach an effective agreement, through asserting my leadership power toward ending the squabbles between them. Using work strategies tactics of constantly reminding them the goal of the organization in addition to using tension strategies where I introduced relaxing ideas that aimed to eliminate tension created by oli and Rosa The key learning point that emerged from this scenario was that tension in at workplace can lead to little work being accomplished, it is of great paramount to stay neutral where employee friction is involved in order to help them out, through focusing on goals of organization and constant reminder help people to work harmoniously, effective communication within organization facilitate dialogue that helps to resolve dialogue between employees and creating a kind of numeration system that helps employers to cooperate and work together.Supporting theory and academic insight for this scenario can be derived from democratic leadership.... ning to oli and Rosa, encouraging oli and Rosa to communicate to help reach an effective agreement, through asserting my leadership power toward ending the squabbles between them. Using work strategies tactics of constantly reminding them the goal of the organization in addition of using tension strategies where I introduced relaxing ideas that aimed to eliminate tension created by oli and Rosa The key learning point that emerged from this scenario was that tension in at work place can lead to little work being accomplished, it is of great paramount to stay neutral where employee friction is involved in order to help them out, through focusing on goals of organization and constant reminder help people to work harmoniously, effective communication within organization facilitate dialogue that help to resolve dialogue between employees and creating a kind of numeration system that help employee to cooperate and work together to achieve set goals in addition to engagement in team buildin g exercises. Supporting theory and academic insight for this scenario can be derive from democratic leadership , which is characterized by emphasizes in group participation , where decision and discussion are encouraged by leaders hence giving team member a voice in decision making (Goleman, 2000). Democratic leadership style builds flexibility and responsibility in an organization which in turn help in generating new ideas. . (Goleman, 2000).Through listening to team members in an organization which is encouraged by democratic leadership, leaders learn to resolve dispute between employees and in decision making. (Goleman, 2000). Third Scenario The third scenario set up was learning to manage up, where it is critical important for a leader to mange his juniors but at the same time have

Cultural Shock Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultural Shock - Research Paper Example Social norms and communication characteristics are the basic element of the expectancy violation theory. Expectancy Violation Theory sees communication as the medium through which people exchange information with one another. Communication can also be used to violate the expectations of another person as either negative or positive depending upon the link between the two people. However, experts also explain this theory as in communicating with others; people generally have an expectation of the way the other person will react verbally or non-verbally. The Expectancy Violation Theory assesses the way in which we react to someone’s non-verbal behavior (Kunda and Thagard, 1996). Cultural shock is when people or a person enters into a new culture when they migrate to a new place or experience new people around them. The difficulty they have in adjusting in that culture and amongst the people is known as cultural shock. Expectancy Violation Theory closely related to cultural shock as the people who are new to the society will face difficulties in keeping expectations from the people as to what their reaction will be. As the behaviors are new, there will be vague predictions about the expectations of the people on the communications made whether verbal or non-verbal (Burgoon, 1993). When having a communication with someone’s, the reaction of the person can either be positive or negative, which means that either the person will smile or will show a rude reaction (Marques, 1990). The theory examines that the people carry expectations when they interact with others and these expectations are from the culture or the individuals in that culture. They make predictions about the non-verbal communications, and there are times when their expectations violate (Jussim et al, 1987). Personal space refers to a space that has to be maintained while interacting

Republican demise Essay Example for Free

Republican demise Essay Saddam is fairly sure about his future at the end of this one-sided trial in Baghdad. He would most likely meet an end rightly deserved by a cruel perpetrator against humanity. None of us is immune to fear, pain and loss. But to suffer the fate of an uncertain future could be worse than any of these feelings. From this point of view, George Bush, assured of Republican demise, Tony Blair, assured of his exit and Saddam Hussein, are all on the same boat; certain of their fate. The biggest sufferers of the war in Iraq, are no doubt the Iraqis, suffering the most gruesome bloodshed that mankind has witnessed in recent times. To classify the next category of sufferers are the people who follow Islam. Iraq war has resulted in stereotyping the collaborators and extremists and has led Muslims in the Middle East to feel that it’s a war against their community. Due to the cascading effect that travels in communities and religions, the Muslims in most of the other countries also share this view. Unfortunately, the inability to locate the so-called â€Å"weapons of mass destruction† has also cast a serious doubt on the intentions of USA and UK in the minds of millions residing in their own countries. Now, many of us can relate to the uncertainty sneaking in the minds of people who had to commute on the morning of 8th July 2005 or 12th September 2001. Our government has done its best to gift unscathed tentativeness to British citizens. To foresee a natural calamity is definitely not expected from our leaders. But to invent a manmade catastrophe is also not what we deserve. In order to be socially responsible and contribute in preserving human rights, Britain has to contribute in the current World order. We cannot ignore the atrocities inflicted on mankind especially when we have the capacity to affect the situation. However, to bully a bully is also not a sensible stance. Let us analyze the pretext of going into this war as claimed in a dossier presented in the British parliament on 24th September 2002. The central points of Blair’s defense for offense were Iraqi regime’s program to develop nuclear, biological, chemical weapons of mass destruction. Aiding, funding and supporting groups like Al Qaida by this regime. He argued that Saddam has brutalized his own people using chemical warfare, so far the only blame that could be substantiated after dethroning the dictator. After explaining the threat posed to the region by the Iraqi regime, he lamented I am quite clear that Saddam will go to extreme lengths, indeed has already done so, to hide these weapons and avoid giving them up. Where are those weapons of mass destruction now? Another losing battle is on the economic front. It is clear that the total cost of operations in Iraq is quickly exceeding previous estimates, and is now well over the ? 3 billion originally set aside by the Chancellor to fund the conflict. Rough estimates suggest that as much as an extra ? 1 billion will be required for each further year UK forces remain in Iraq. Perhaps as important as the rising costs themselves is the lack of transparency about where the money is going, and how much more will be needed in the future. The Iraq Analysis Group calls on the future government to clarify the costs of war in terms of size and expenditure type, and how they are being met. In the meantime, we will update this briefing as further information becomes available. It seems that the British government had detailed plans of â€Å"how to go in? † but never planned or foresaw on â€Å"how and when to come out? † Reluctantly enough, people of Great Britain stood by their elected leaders and the choices they made at the time of going into this war. The imminent dangers painted on our minds with repetitive citations on terror, terrorist attacks, axis of evil, tyrannical regime etc, were potent enough for us to believe that we are going to fight for peace. (Oliver King and Paul Hamilos, 2006). The UN was shoved aside, French, German and Russian representatives were simply ignored. Ironically, these nations are geographically and diplomatically a lot close to United Kingdom than Iraq. Somehow, British decision to act as the drum beater for this war, has also led the world to believe that commitment of our conscience is mortgaged to the USA. With his efforts, Blair successfully blurred the identity of our nation. Most of the media in the Middle East now cite UK and USA in the same breath, especially in context of the Iraq war. USA had suffered an indelible blow on 9/11. And we suffered a seemingly low scale trailer on 7/7, primarily due our policies on Iraq. A common view point held by world leaders is that the use of force can never be justified unless all other means of negotiation fail. UN inspectors on Iraq’s weapon program had certainly failed in their job as they were neither supported nor shown any cooperation by the Iraqi regime. The report from the chief UN inspector fortified the rhetoric from George Bush who went to label Saddam’s tactics as a charade. (George Bush, 2003). In such circumstances and in those times when most of the nations were made to believe that what’s going on in Iraq is dangerous for humanity, use of armed action certainly seemed feasible. A dictator, who could kill his own people, can very well drop a bomb on neighboring countries. The dangers and ease of spreading Anthrax as a biological weapon could not be taken as anything less than a grave concern. Just one push of a button could have caused irreparable and unrecoverable destruction. Faced with such a situation, UK’s stance on supporting USA is acceptable. To wait for Saddam to light a fuse for such havoc would have reduced most of the world leaders to a laughing stock, only if few of them would survive to be mocked at. Pre-emptive strike, as popularized by the US media, earns a lot of credibility in this context. Britain, or as a matter of fact any other nation, would react with utter might in order to prevent this. And if the countries surrounding Iraq are themselves grasping for survival and development, the onus does fall on developed nations to resolve the stalemate. Negotiations since 1995 were not bearing any fruits other than letting Saddam to build a black economy of earning billions despite the sanctions imposed on Iraq. Worse, none of this money was used to feed the destitute or mitigating infant mortality. The dictator had built water-tight ways of siphoning money into his personal accounts. The discovery of vast amounts of money being utilized without any tab raised suspicions in the minds of the majority. This surely was a reason valid enough to strike. And there is evidence that Saddam utilized all these years to fool the international community. It will also be not entirely fair to say that Blair did not weigh the situation at all We waited 12 years and then went through the United Nations. It is now three months since we gave Saddam what we called a final opportunity. (BBC News, 2003)

Effective dramatic irony Essay -- essays research papers fc

Effective Dramatic Irony   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Oedipus The King, Sophocles creates rising action by asking dramatic questions throughout the play. These questions generate suspense in the audience when they become dramatic irony and amplify the climax. During the falling action, Oedipus is engulfed in misery when he experiences a reversal of fortune. Finally, Oedipus goes through a discovery process ending when he discovers his tragic resolution. According to Aristotle, a tragedy consist of a drama that contains incidents that arouse pity, and a tragic hero that ordinarily is a man of noble stature not because of his own virtue but rather his own intelligence and reasoning. Sophocles uses dramatic irony as an element of fiction in Oedipus The King that builds rising action, foreshadows, and shows a reversal of fortune. According to Literature, dramatic irony is a kind of suspenseful expectation, when the author and the audience understand the implications and meanings of situations on stage, and foreshadow the oncoming disaster, while the character does not.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aristotle describes dramatic irony used in the plot of Oedipus The King as a â€Å"reversal†. When the first messenger arrived with the news that contrary to the prophecy that Oedipus would kill his father and begat children with his mother, his father had died of old age. However, the audience is privileged with the knowledge of the dramatic irony soon to unwind. In the Exodos, a mi...